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The proper distance provides a measurement of how far is a galaxy at a fixed moment in time. At the present time the proper distance equals the comoving distance since the cosmological scale factor has value one: . The proper distance represents the distance obtained as if one were able to freeze the flow of time (set in the FLRW metric) and walk all the way to a galaxy while using a meter stick[1]. For practical reason is calculated as the distance traveled by light (set in the FLRW metric) from the time of emission by the galaxy to an observer (on Earth) at the present time. It differs form the light travel distance since the proper distance takes into account the expansion of the universe, i.e. the space expands as the light travels through it, resulting in numerical values which locate the most distant galaxies beyond the Hubble sphere and therefore with recessional velocities greater than the speed of light.[2]  

Most distant spectroscopically-confirmed objects[edit]

Most distant astronomical objects with spectroscopic redshift determinations
Image Name Redshift

(z)

Light travel distance§

(Gly)[3][4][5][6]

Proper distance

(Gly)

Type Notes
JADES-GS-z13-0 z = 13.20+0.04
−0.07 		13.576[3] / 13.596[4] / 13.474[5] / 13.473[6] 33.6 Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[7] Possibly a dark star.[8]
UNCOVER-z13 z = 13.079+0.014
−0.001 		13.51 Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[9]
JADES-GS-z12-0 z = 12.63+0.24
−0.08 		13.556[3] / 13.576[4] / 13.454[5] / 13.453[6] Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[7] Possibly a dark star.[8]
UNCOVER-z12 z = 12.393+0.004
−0.001 		13.48 Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[9]
GLASS-z12 z = 12.117+0.01
−0.01 		13.536[3] / 13.556[4] / 13.434[5] / 13.433[6] 33.2 Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST/NIRCam, confirmed by ALMA detection of [O III] emission[10]
UDFj-39546284 z = 11.58+0.05
−0.05 		13.512[3] / 13.532[4] / 13.410[5] / 13.409[6] Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec.[7] Possibly a dark star.[8]
CEERS J141946.36+525632.8

(Maisie's Galaxy)

[11]

z = 11.44+0.09
−0.08 		13.4 Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST
CEERS2 588


[12]

z = 11.04 13.45 Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy discovered by JWST
GN-z11 z = 10.6034 ± 0.0013 13.481[3] / 13.501[4] / 13.380[5] / 13.379[6] Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy; detection of the Lyman break with HST at 5.5σ[13] and carbon emission lines with Keck/MOSFIRE at 5.3σ.[14] Conclusive redshift by JWST in February 2023[15]
JADES-GS-z10-0 UDFj-39546284 z = 10.38+0.07
−0.06 		13.449[3] / 13.469[4] / 13.348[5] / 13.347[6] Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec[7]
JD1 z = 9.793±0.002 13.409[3] / 13.429[4] / 13.308[5] / 13.307[6] Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy, detection of the Lyman break with JWST/NIRSpec[16]
MACS1149-JD1 z = 9.1096±0.0006 13.361[3] / 13.381[4] / 13.261[5] / 13.260[6] 30.37 Galaxy Detection of hydrogen emission line with the VLT, and oxygen line with ALMA[17]
EGSY8p7 z = 8.683+0.001
−0.004 		13.325[3] / 13.345[4] / 13.225[5] / 13.224[6] 30.05 Galaxy Lyman-alpha emitter; detection of Lyman-alpha with Keck/MOSFIRE at 7.5σ confidence[18]
SMACS-4590 z = 8.496 13.308[3] / 13.328[4] / 13.208[5] / 13.207[6] Galaxy Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec[19][20][21][22]
A2744 YD4 z = 8.38 13.297[3] / 13.317[4] / 13.197[5] / 13.196[6] Galaxy Lyman-alpha and [O III] emission detected with ALMA at 4.0σ confidence[23]
MACS0416 Y1 z = 8.3118±0.0003 13.290[3] / 13.310[4] / 13.190[5] / 13.189[6] Galaxy [O III] emission detected with ALMA at 6.3σ confidence[24]
GRB 090423 z = 8.23+0.06
−0.07 		13.282[3] / 13.302[4] / 13.182[5] / 13.181[6] 30.00 Gamma-ray burst Lyman-alpha break detected[25]
RXJ2129-11002 z = 8.16±0.01 13.175[3] Galaxy [O III] doublet, Hβ, and [O II] doublet as well as Lyman-alpha break detected with JWST/NIRSpec prism[26]
RXJ2129-11022 z = 8.15±0.01 13.174[3] Galaxy [O III] doublet and Hβ as well as Lyman-alpha break detected with JWST/NIRSpec prism[26]
EGS-zs8-1 z = 7.7302±0.0006 13.228[3] / 13.248[4] / 13.129[5] / 13.128[6] 29.5 Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy[27]
SMACS-6355 z = 7.665 13.221[3] / 13.241[4] / 13.121[5] / 13.120[6] Galaxy Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec[19][20][21][22]
z7_GSD_3811 z = 7.6637±0.0011 13.221[3] / 13.240[4] / 13.121[5] / 13.120[6] Galaxy Lyman-alpha emitter[28]
SMACS-10612 z = 7.658 13.221[3] / 13.241[4] / 13.120[5] / 13.119[6] Galaxy Detection of hydrogen, oxygen, and neon emission lines with JWST/NIRSpec[19][20][21]>[22]
QSO J0313–1806 z = 7.6423±0.0013 13.218[3] / 13.238[4] / 13.119[5] / 13.118[6] 30.00 Quasar Lyman-alpha break detected[29]
ULAS J1342+0928 z = 7.5413±0.0007 13.206[3] / 13.226[4] / 13.107[5] / 13.106[6] 29.36 Quasar Redshift estimated from [C II] emission[30]
z8_GND_5296 z = 7.51 13.202[3] / 13.222[4] / 13.103[5] / 13.102[6] 30.01 Galaxy Lyman-alpha emitter[31]
A1689-zD1 z = 7.5±0.2 13.201[3] / 13.221[4] / 13.102[5] / 13.101[6] 30 Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy[32]
GS2_1406 z = 7.452±0.003 13.195[3] / 13.215[4] / 13.096[5] / 13.095[6] Galaxy Lyman-alpha emitter[33]
GN-108036 z = 7.213 13.164[3] / 13.184[4] / 13.065[5] / 13.064[6] Galaxy Lyman alpha emitter[34]
SXDF-NB1006-2 z = 7.2120±0.0003 13.164[3] / 13.184[4] / 13.065[5] / 13.064[6] Galaxy [O III] emission detected[35]
BDF-3299 z = 7.109±0.002 13.149[3] / 13.169[4] / 13.051[5] / 13.050[6] Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy[36]
ULAS J1120+0641 z = 7.085±0.003 13.146[3] / 13.166[4] / 13.048[5] / 13.047[6] Quasar Redshift estimated from Si III]+C III] and Mg II emission lines[37]
A1703 zD6 z = 7.045±0.004 13.140[3] / 13.160[4] / 13.042[5] / 13.041[6] Galaxy Gravitationally-lensed Lyman-alpha emitter[38]
BDF-521 z = 7.008±0.002 13.135[3] / 13.155[4] / 13.037[5] / 13.036[6] Galaxy Lyman-break galaxy[36]
G2_1408 z = 6.972±0.002 13.130[3] / 13.150[4] / 13.032[5] / 13.030[6] Galaxy Lyman-alpha emitter[39]
IOK-1 z = 6.965 13.129[3] / 13.149[4] / 13.030[5] / 13.029[6] Galaxy Lyman-alpha emitter[34]
LAE J095950.99+021219.1 z = 6.944 13.126[3] / 13.146[4] / 13.028[5] / 13.027[6] Galaxy Lyman-alpha emitter[40]
SDF-46975 z = 6.844 13.111[3] / 13.131[4] / 13.013[5] / 13.012[6] Galaxy Lyman-alpha emitter[34]
PSO J172.3556+18.7734 z = 6.823+0.003
−0.001 		13.107[3] / 13.127[4] / 13.010[5] / 13.009[6] Quasar

(astrophysical jet)

Redshift estimated from Mg II emission[41]
§ The tabulated distance is the light travel distance, which has no direct physical significance. See discussion at distance measures and Observable Universe

Test citation[42]

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