User:Deisenbe

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Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe: Linksearch en (insource) - meta - de - fr - simple - wikt:en - wikt:fr • MER-C X-wiki • gs • Reports: Links on en - COIBot - COIBot-Local • Discussions: tracked - advanced - RSN • COIBot-Link, Local, & XWiki Reports - Wikipedia: en - fr - de • Google: search • meta • Domain: domaintools • AboutUs.com Deisenbe (talk · contribs · blocks · protections · deletions · page moves · rights · RfA) Deisenbe (talk · contribs · deleted · count · AfD · logs · block log · lu · rfar · spi) Deisenbe (talk · contribs · count · logs · block log · lu · rfa · rfb · arb · rfc · lta · sockssuspected) Deisenbe (t · th · c · del · cross-wiki · SUL · edit counter · pages created (xtools · sigma) · non-automated edits · BLP edits · undos · manual reverts · rollbacks · logs (blocks · rights · moves) · rfar · spi · cci) (assign permissions)(acc · ap · fm · mms · npr · pm · pcr · rb · te)

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Barnstars

The Editor's Barnstar

The coverage of American history on Wikipedia is significantly better because of your research and writing. By creating or improving myriad articles ranging from Moses Jacob Ezekiel in recent weeks,[21] to bigger efforts like Negro Fort or biographies of interesting characters and places like Addison Mizner and Mineshaft, you've illuminated fascinating and important stories and facts. And you've done it with very little controversy. On behalf of Wikipedia readers, "Keep up the good work!" Mobi Ditch (talk) 09:19, 4 February 2019 (UTC)

	La Insignia de Diligencia (Barnstar for Diligence)
	Gracias. Reficul18nov1974 (discusión) 12:20 10 nov 2015 (UTC)

		The Original Barnstar
		Thank you for creating the Texas Civil War Museum!Zigzig20s (talk) 13:34, 13 June 2018 (UTC)

		The Content Creativity Barnstar
		For the creation of Union Literary Institute apparently from scratch in a short time. While there is no doubt further work to be done, this is an excellent addition to Wikipedia. DES (talk)DESiegel Contribs 02:12, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

Prairie protector barnstar

		The Kansas Barnstar
		The Kansas Barnstar is awarded to editors to recognize significant contributions to Kansas-related aticles. I can't believe anybody wants to go finding more citations to throw on the mountain of John Brown! Imagine what he would say if he saw the endless accolades and respect in all mediums today. I'd like to know your background and how I can help more, but we sure have Kansas in common! You work is superb. — Smuckola(talk) 20:33, 23 May 2022 (UTC)

A cup of coffee for you!

I like and I commented on your essay at Wikipedia:Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country. Thanks for writing it. Blue Rasberry (talk) 20:52, 1 March 2020 (UTC)

Personal information

My name is Daniel Eisenberg. I grew up and attended elementary and high school in Canisteo (village), New York, though due to my father's participation in the Korean War, I attended third grade (1953-54) in a U.S. Army school in Sendai, Japan. I have a B.A. in Romance Languages from Johns Hopkins University and a Ph.D. in Spanish from Brown University. I was from 2000 to 2008 the editor of the journal Cervantes, published by the Cervantes Society of America (http://cervantesjournal.com or https://web.archive.org/web/20140801155459/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/cervante/bcsalist.htm). In 1976 I founded and until 1992 edited and published the Journal of Hispanic Philology. I was a Contributing Editor of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, published by Garland in 1990.

I was Distinguished Research Professor at Florida State University, where I taught from 1974 to 1996. I am now retired.

I enjoy editing and writing articles on a wide variety of subjects centered on the history, literature, or politics of Spain, the southern United States; African Americans; sexual minorities; pornography. But I get pretty far afield, like Golden Age of Radio or IBM MT/ST, the latter of which was my first article. (I owned an MT/ST.)

You can find my personal page at https://fsu.academia.edu/DanielEisenberg. My prior home page was https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/ That contains the text of most of my writings, although those writings, plus others newly digitized, are in the process (2017) of being posted on the new site. You can find my Vita (Résumé) there. My articles on homosexual topics are at https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/INDEX-S.HTM, though an article from the "Encyclopedia of Medieval Iberia" is on my main page. Also there is a page on me in the Spanish Biblioteca Virtual Cervantes (http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaAutor.html?Ref=2987). My email address at present (2018) is danielbeisenberg(at)gmail.com.

Correspondence and other papers of mine are found primarily in the Florida State University archives, Special Collections, Strozier Library, both under my name and under Journal of Hispanic Philology. Some early correspondence is at the Hispanic Society of America.

Wikipedia's principles

The following are principles of Wikipedia which appeal to me very much. I have deduced these from people's behavior, though no doubt they are written somewhere, or somewheres.

• It is totally democratic. No one is better than anyone else.

• Work is recognized.

• It is the most anarchic organization, and I mean that in a good sense, that I've ever heard of. No one rules. There are no elections. The people themselves set up the structure. (Curiously, the only country in which Anarchism has been a real political force was Spain.)

• A principle is "don't assume the worst, assume the best".

• Knowledge is an unqualified good.

• If you know something, you'll probably want to share it. In fact, there's a subtle pressure on you to share what you know.

• No field of knowledge is better than any other. It doesn't matter what crazy thing you're interested in, if it's significant, write it up.

• This is more than an encyclopedia project.
• Interactions with other Wikipedia editors feel like a brain talking to someone else's brain.

Here are two things I don't like, or at least am ambiguous about:

• The burden of ascertaining the truth of Wikipedia's contents has been offloaded to externals: journals' editors and editorial boards, newspaper editors, and the like. I don't know a better system, but journal editors, newspaper editors, etc., are not exempt from influences on: what is acceptable, what will sell more papers, what is "politically correct", what will lead to the editor's career success.
• Wikipedia does not want original research. Because it would then have to set up a structure to determine whether the original research was correct.

The following addition of mine was reversed in the article "Campaign for 'Santorum' neologism" because it constituted original research:

"After Savage began his campaign, Santorum was never to win another election, although the extent to which Savage contributed to the defeats has not been studied."

The election results are public documents and easily accessible, but I had to find _someone else_ who had made this observation. This may be according to policy, but I don't think it's good policy if it prohibits this.

Also there is a case cited somewhere in which an author was not allowed to say what was in his own book, it had to be said by a third party. This is silly and wastes time, at least as seen from the small part of Wikipedia that I hang out in. If the question is authentification (is that really the author?) then attack that.

As we have seen in the case of computer viruses (originally there were none), there is something criminal, evil, or at least mean in human nature -- not in everyone, but certainly in some -- and that shows up in Wikipedia just like it does in other places. Yet there is lots of altruism too.

(This added later.) Wikipedia's software is a delight. Fast, clean, and so intuitive! (That's a computer term for "makes sense" "easy to understand and use" "The command you think will probably work, it'll work.")

I would encourage everyone to read Criticism of Wikipedia and Wikipedia:Systemic bias.

My contributions

For my contributions in Spanish to the Spanish Wikipedia, see es:Usuario:Deisenbe

Articles created

Articles created For pages I created, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe This will not include Paradise Park, Florida, Relay, Maryland, or Camilla massacre, as they previously existed as Redirects. Articles that I did not start, but which I wrote most of: New-York Central College Old Dillard High School Heyward Shepherd monument Addison Mizner Moses Jacob Ezekiel Religious Liberty (Ezekiel) Frelinghuysen University Uriah M. Rose John Bucchino Hornell Traction Company Trefa banquet Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials Claude G. Bowers Oneida Institute William G. Allen Beriah Green Silent Sam About half: Rose Law Firm Canisteo, New York Canisteo (village), New York Thomas Dixon Jr. Between a third and half: J. Marion Sims For categories I created, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/14 Note that Category:Removed Monuments and Memorials of the Confederate States of America, deleted on 5/10/17, was recreated 3 months later as Category:Removed Confederate States of America monuments and memorials (by someone else). For redirects I created, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/0/onlyredirects Templates created: https://xtools.wmflabs.org/pages/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/10

Paragraphs I wrote that were reverted

Article that was cut 60%: Treatment of the enslaved in the United States https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States&oldid=1055466160 Scars of Gordon, a whipped Louisiana slave, photographed in April 1863 and later distributed by abolitionists. Bill of sale for the auction of the "Negro Boy Jacob" for "Eighty Dollars and a half" (equivalent to $1,675 in 2023) to satisfy a money judgment against the "property" of his owner, Prettyman Boyce. October 10, 1807. Click on photo for complete transcription. The treatment of enslaved people in the United States varied by time and place, but was generally brutal, especially on plantations. Whipping and rape were routine, but usually not in front of white outsiders, or even the plantation owner's family. ("When I whip niggers, I take them out of the sight and hearing of the house, and no one in my family knows it.") An enslaved person could not be a witness against a white; enslaved people were sometimes required to whip other enslaved people, even family members. There were also businesses to which a slave owner could turn over the whipping. Families were often split up by the sale of one or more members, usually never to see or hear of each other again. There were some relatively enlightened slave owners—Nat Turner said his master was kind—but not on large plantations. Only a small minority of enslaved people received anything resembling decent treatment; one contemporary estimate was 10%, not without noting that the ones well treated desired freedom just as much as those poorly treated. Good treatment could vanish upon the death of an owner. As put by William T. Allan, a slaveowner's abolitionist son who could not safely return to Alabama, "cruelty was the rule, and kindness the exception". There is no known instance in which an enslaved person, having escaped to freedom, returned happily to slavery, or even stated that they were sorry they had fled, because they had been better off enslaved. The United Daughters of the Confederacy, seeking to find a "faithful slave" to erect a monument to, could find no one better than Heyward Shepherd, who was not born enslaved, may never have been enslaved, and certainly showed no commitment to or support of slavery. According to Angelina Grimké, who could not endure the treatment of the enslaved owned by other members of her wealthy family, and left Charleston, South Carolina, to become a Quaker abolitionist based in Philadelphia: I have never seen a happy slave. I have seen him dance in his chains, it is true; but he was not happy. There is a wide difference between happiness and mirth. Man cannot enjoy the former while his manhood is destroyed, and that part of the being which is necessary to the making, and to the enjoyment of happiness, is completely blotted out. The slaves, however, may be, and sometimes are, mirthful. When hope is extinguished, they say, "let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die." Here is how it was put in 1834 by James Bradley, a formerly enslaved man who, after years of extra work and little sleep, was able to purchase his freedom: How strange it is that anybody should believe any human being could be a slave, and yet be contented! I do not believe that there ever was a slave, who did not long for liberty. I know very well that slave-owners take a great deal of pains to make the people in the free states believe that the slaves are happy; but I know, likewise, that I was never acquainted with a slave, however well he was treated, who did not long to be free. There is one thing about this, that people in the free states do not understand. When they ask slaves whether they wish for liberty, they answer, "No"; and very likely they will go as far as to say they would not leave their masters for the world. But at the same time, they desire liberty more than anything else, and have perhaps all along been laying plans to get free. The truth is, if a slave shows any discontent, he is sure to be treated worse, and worked harder for it; and every slave knows this. This is why they are careful not to show any uneasiness when white men ask them about freedom. When they are alone by themselves, all their talk is about liberty – liberty! It is the great thought and feeling that fills the minds full all the time. The same was said by ex-slave Isabella Gibbons, in words engraved on the Memorial to Enslaved Laborers at the University of Virginia. What is well documented is the eagerness of formerly enslaved men to take up arms against their former owners, first in the British Ethiopian Regiment and Corps of Colonial Marines, then in the United States Colored Troops, even though the Confederacy announced that the latter were traitors and would be immediately shot if captured. There is no instance in which any of these latter soldiers, having obtained arms, used them against Union troops, rather they performed well as Union soldiers. The Southern picture of slave treatment See also: Slavery as a positive good in the United States In the Antebellum period, the South "claimed before the world" that chattel slavery "was a highly benignant, elevating, and humanizing institution, and as having Divine approbation." The general, quasi-official Southern view of their enslaved was that they were much better off than Northern employed workers, whom Southerners called "wage slaves". Certainly they were much better off than if they were still in Africa, where they did not have Christianity and (allegedly for physiological reasons) their languages had no "abstract terms" like government, vote, or legislature. Slaves loved their masters. Only mental illness could make an enslaved person want to run away, and this supposed malady was given a name, drapetomania. On occasion of the arrival of "the seditious and insurrectionary proceedings of a Fanatical Society at New-York [the American Anti-Slavery Society], who have presumed to address some of their superstitious, stupid and vile publications to the post office of Frederica" (Georgia), "at a respectable meeting of the Inhabitants" the following statement was prepared: [O]ur slaves are enjoying the most perfect security and freedom from excessive labor, the most lawless riots and violence, so frequently inflicted on the Blacks of the North.... It is a fact, known to every planter in the South, that our slaves, at some seasons of the year, do not labor half the day to accomplish the work required, while it is a matter of record before the Committee on Ways and Means in Congress, that the laborers in Northern Manufactures are required to work from the earliest dawn of day, to 9 o'clock at night. The condition of our slaves are [sic] therefore implicitly more independent, comfortable and free, than those over-worked and oppressed laborers, as they are clothed and fed—have as much land as they can cultivate—raise an abundance of poultry, to exchange for the comforts and some of the luxuries of life; and when sick, or the infi[r]mities of a faithful old age secures to them such a freedom as the hypocrits [sic] and fanatics of this abol[i]tion mania will never afford them, their wants are supplied and they are carefully attended in a comfortable Hospital on most plantations; because it is the interest of a master to relieve the sufferings of his slave. It is his pleasure to see them contented. Such are the relations between master and servant, and these vile Abolitionists, these Disunionists and Anarchists would sever [sic], and such are the happy people they wish to cast unprovided for upon a wide and pitiless world!! In a similar statement, "the sufferings of the southern slave dwindle into comparative nothingness" when compared with "the squalid wretchedness, the inhuman oppressions of a large proportion of the white population in the manufacturing districts." Slavery in the American South was claimed to be the best slavery that had ever existed anywhere: [W]e...deny that slavery is sinful or inexpedient. We deny that it is wrong in the abstract. We assert that it is the natural condition of man; that there ever has been, and there ever will be slavery; and we not only claim for ourselves the right to determine for ourselves the relations between master and slave, but we insist that the slavery of the Southern States is the best regulation of slavery, whether we take into consideration the interests of the master or of the slave, that has ever been devised. Southern newspapers regularly ran brief notices of occasional voluntary returnees to slavery, individual cases, although these notes were usually vague anecdotes, second-hand at best; rarely do they mention a name, much less contact the person returning. ("I could cite numerous instances...of slaves returning from the North, from Canada, even from Liberia, voluntarily, into a state of Slavery.") There were some who remained enslaved because manumission would have meant separation from loved ones. Others found such severe and completely legal anti-Black discrimination in employment in the North that they could not earn enough money to live and support a family, so it was slavery or starvation. Sources on American treatment of slaves Rankin's Letters on Slavery (1826) Religion is at the center of American abolitionism. Just as Quakers had been early leaders against slavery, it was now Presbyterians, at the time one of the largest denominations in the country, who felt called to do God's will: to end the sin of enslaving another human being. There was considerable writing on the question of whether the Bible does or does not approve of slavery. Starting with Presbyterian minister John Rankin's 1826 Letters on Slavery, which began as letters to his brother who had acquired slaves, readers began to hear about slavery as the slaves experienced it. Rankin lived in Ripley, Ohio, on the Ohio River. There were many fugitive slaves crossing the river separating slave Kentucky from free Ohio; they provided Rankin plenty of information. "His home became one of the busiest stations on the underground railroad in the Ohio Valley." His "house atop the hill in Ripley has remained the Underground Railroad's most famous landmark." There is a lot of confusion about the "real" Eliza of Uncle Tom's Cabin, but she passed through Rankin's house. Harriet Beecher Stowe, living nearby in Cincinnati, and Rankin knew each other. One source says that Stowe met the "real" Eliza in Rankin's house. Rankin first pointed out that blacks were not "racially" inferior. "The organization of their mental powers is equal to that of the rest of mankind." "Many of the Africans possess the finest powers of mind, and...in this respect, they are naturally equal to the rest of mankind." Rankin went on to present the depressing conditions of life as a slave: "As the making of grain is the main object of their emancipation, masters will sacrifice as little as possible in giving them food. It often happens that what will barely keep them alive, is all that a cruel avarice will allow them. Hence, in some instances, their allowance has been reduced to a single pint of corn each during the day and night. And some have no better allowance than a small portion of cotton seed!! And in some places the best allowance is a peck of corn each during the week, while perhaps they are not permitted to taste meat so much as once in the course of seven years, except what little they may be able to steal! Thousands of them are pressed with the gnawings of cruel hunger during their whole lives — an insatiable avarice will not grant them a single comfortable meal to satisfy the cravings of nature! Such cruelty far exceeds the powers of description! ...Thousands of them are really starving in a state of slavery, and are under the direful necessity of stealing whatever they can find, that will satisfy the cravings of hunger; and I have little doubt but many actually starve to death." "[I]n some parts of Alabama, you may see slaves in the cotton fields without so much as even a single rag upon them, shivering before the chilling blasts of mid-winter. ...Indeed in every slaveholding state many slaves suffer extremely, both while they labor and while they sleep, for want of clothing to keep them warm. Often they are driven through frost and snow without either stocking or shoe until the path they tread is dyed with the blood that issues from their frost-worn limbs! And when they return to their miserable huts at night they find not there the means of comfortable rest; but on the cold ground they must lie without covering, and shiver, while they slumber." "The slaveholder has it in his power, to violate the chastity of his slaves. And not a few are beastly enough to exercise such power. Hence it happens that, in some families, it is difficult to distinguish the free children from the slaves. It is sometimes the case, that the largest part of the master's own children are born, not of his wife, but of the wives and daughters of his slaves, whom he has basely prostituted as well as enslaved." (See Children of the plantation.) "Among the rest was an ill grown boy about seventeen, who having just returned from a skulking spell, was sent to the spring for water, and in returning let fall an elegant pitcher. It was dashed to shivers upon the rocks. This was the occasion. It was night, and the slaves all at home. The master had them collected into the most roomy negrohouse, and a rousing fire made. When the door was secured, that none might escape, either through fear of him or sympathy with George, he opened the design of the interview, namely, that they might be effectually taught to stay at home and obey his orders. All things being now in train, he called up George, who approached his master with the most unreserved submission. He bound him with cords, and by the assistance of his younger brother, laid him on a broad bench, or meat block. He now proceeded to whang [small capitals in the original] off George by the ancles!!! It was with the broad ax! — In vain did the unhappy victim scream and roar! He was completely in his master's power. Not a hand amongst so many durst interfere. Casting the feet into the fire, he lectured them at some length. He whacked him off below the knees! George roaring out, and praying his master to begin at the other end! He admonished them again, throwing the legs into the fire! Then above the knees, tossing the joints into the fire! He again lectured them at leisure. The next stroke severed the thighs from the body. These were also committed to the flames. And so off the arms, head and trunk, until all was in the fire! Still protracting the intervals with lectures, and threatenings of like punishment, in case of disobedience, or running away. ...He said that he had never enjoyed himself at a ball so well as he had enjoyed himself that evening." There was only one edition of these letters before 1833 (and the warehouse with unsold copies "was set on fire and burned to the ground"). Wm. Lloyd Garrison, who was America's leading abolitionist in the 1830s, spoke of the influence of Rankin's Letters on him. He reprinted the then-obscure book in full in his newspaper The Liberator starting on August 25, 1832. He and his collaborator Isaac Knapp promptly issued it in book form as Letters on American Slavery (1833), reprinted in 1836 and 1838, becoming common reading for abolitionists. Slavery...in the United States (1834) Another collection of incidents of mistreatment of slaves appeared in 1834, from an otherwise unknown E. Thomas, under the title A concise view of the slavery of the people of color in the United States; exhibiting some of the most affecting cases of cruel and barbarous treatment of the slaves by their most inhuman and brutal masters; not heretofore published: and also showing the absolute necessity for the most speedy abolition of slavery, with an endeavor to point out the best means of effecting it. To which is added, A short address to the free people of color. With a selection of hymns, &c. &c. In his preface, Thomas explains: "[M]y principal design at present, is, to record some striking cases of cruelty of more recent date, not heretofore published, and which have been related to me during my travels through the different states, for three years past: in order to excite in the mind of every individual a love of liberty, and an inveterate abhorrence of slavery, that each may endeavor by throwing in his mite, to contribute towards its total abolition. ...Those facts or accounts of cruelty have been communicated to me by different persons of undoubted veracity, and in whom I place the most entire confidence." Chapter titles in this collection include: The infant whipped to death with a cow-skin [a leather whip], . 8] The aged woman starved to death, . . 9 The man that had his teeth knocked out, . . 11 The slave shot by her master, . . 18 The slave that was shot for going out to preach, 20 The slave whipped for hard riding, . . 22 Slaves eating out of a hog-trough, . . 23 The slave whipped to death for killing a sheep, 24 The slave slowly dissected and burnt, . . 25 The slave whipped to death for telling his vision, 27 The man and wife yoked like oxen, . . 29 The slave whipped for going to see his wife, . 38 The slave flogged and robbed, . . .39 The publications of the anti-slavery societies Starting in the early 1830s there were dozens of lecturers, many of them trained as ministers, criss-crossing the free states, speaking and giving lectures in churches, meeting-houses, and any other venue that would have them, on how slaves were treated in the American South. There was even training for these lecturers, in Ohio, by Theodore Dwight Weld, employed by the American Anti-Slavery Society. Hundreds of local anti-slavery societies were formed. What little publicity these lectures got was mostly negative, but in the publications of the larger anti-slavery societies we have considerable information on what they were saying, across the North, about the treatment of American slaves. A female slave was sent on an errand, and was gone longer than her master wished. She was ordered to be flogged, and was tied up and nearly beaten to death. While the overseer was whipping her, in the presence of her master, she said that she had been prevented returning sooner by sickness on the way. Her enraged master ordered her to be whipped again for daring to speak, and the lash was again applied, until she expired under the operation. Nor was her life alone sacrificed. An unborn infant died with her, which had been the cause of her delay on her master's errand. Another case occurred, where a black boy was whipped for stealing a piece of leather, and because he persisted in denying it, he was whipped till he died. After he was dead, his master's son acknowledged that he took the piece of leather. A Georgian bought five slaves and set them a task in the field, which they could not or would not do. The next day he added another task, with orders that they should do that and the work of the preceding day, or be whipped until they accomplished it. The third day more work was added and additional whipping ordered. The work was now beyond the strength of the slaves. They tried in vain to accomplish it, and at last left it in despair, and went into the woods. They were missed, and pursuit made after them, and were all found hanging dead. They had committed suicide to escape the cruelty of their master. A hole was dug, and they were thrown into it, amid the curses of their owner at the loss he had met with in his property. A slave, who was a husband and father, was made to strip his wife and daughter, and whip them. A similar report was published by Garrison in the July 3, 1862 issue of The Liberator. American Slavery As It Is (1839) Although there were a variety of books in which travelers in the South reported what they saw and heard about the enslaved, the encyclopedia of the cruelty with which American slaves were treated was American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, by Theodore Dwight Weld, his wife Angelina Grimké, and her sister Sarah Grimké, which was published in 1839 by the American Anti-Slavery Society. Well organized, by informant and by topic (Food, Labor, Dwellings, Clothing, Treatment of the Sick, Privations, Punishments, Tortures), it states at the outset that most of the stories are taken from Southern newspapers, most of which are available at the office of the publisher, the American Anti-Slavery Society, 143 Nassau St., New York, and invites the public to call and see their sources. Over 6 to 24 months, Weld had purchased in bulk thousands of issues of papers being discarded by a reading room at the New York Stock Exchange (open to white men only), then taken them home to Fort Lee, New Jersey, where the Grimké sisters analyzed them. The names of informants are given, but "a number of them still reside in slave states; — to publish their names would be, in most cases, to make them the victims of popular fury." Here is a statement by Theodore Weld about what the book contains: Reader, you are impaneled as a juror to try a plain case and bring in an honest verdict. The question at issue is not one of law, but of fact — "What is the actual condition of the slaves in the United States? ...As slaveholders and their apologists are volunteer witnesses in their own cause, and are flooding the world with testimony that their slaves are kindly treated; that they are well fed, well clothed, well housed, well lodged, moderately worked, and bountifully provided with all things needful for their comfort, we propose — first, to disprove their assertions by the testimony of a multitude of impartial witnesses.... We will prove that the slaves in the United States are treated with barbarous inhumanity; that they are overworked, underfed, wretchedly clad and lodged, and have insufficient sleep; that they are often made to wear round their necks iron collars armed with prongs, to drag heavy chains and weights at their feet while working in the field, and to wear yokes, and bells, and iron horns; that they are often kept confined in the stocks day and night for weeks together, made to wear gags in their mouths for hours or days, have some of their front teeth torn out or broken off, that they may be easily detected when they run away; that they are frequently flogged with terrible severity, have red pepper rubbed into their lacerated flesh, and hot brine, spirits of turpentine, &c., poured over the gashes to increase the torture; that they are often stripped naked, their backs and limbs cut with knives, bruised and mangled by scores and hundreds of blows with the paddle, and terribly torn by the claws of cats, drawn over them by their tormentors; that they are often hunted with blood hounds and shot down like beasts, or torn in pieces by dogs; that they are often suspended by the arms and whipped and beaten till they faint, and when revived by restoratives, beaten again till they faint, and sometimes till they die; that their ears are often cut off, their eyes knocked out, their bones broken, their flesh branded with red hot irons; that they are maimed, mutilated and burned to death over slow fires. All these things, and more, and worse, we shall prove. Reader, we know whereof we affirm, we have weighed it well; more and worse WE WILL PROVE. Mark these words, and read on; we will establish all these facts by the testimony of scores and hundreds of eyewitnesses, by the testimony of slaveholders in all parts of the slave states, by slaveholding members of Congress and of state legislatures, by ambassadors to foreign courts, by judges, by doctors of divinity, and clergymen of all denominations, by merchants, mechanics, lawyers and physicians, by presidents and professors in colleges and professional seminaries, by planters, overseers and drivers. We shall show, not merely that such deeds are committed, but that they are frequent; not done in corners, but before the sun; not in one of the slave states, but in all of them; not perpetrated by brutal overseers and drivers merely, but by magistrates, by legislators, by professors of religion, by preachers of the gospel, by governors of states, by "gentlemen of property and standing," and by delicate females moving in the "highest circles of society." Beginning of index of American Slavery As It Is, by Theodore Weld, Angelina Grimké, and Sarah Grimké 1839 In a measure unusual at the time, the book concluded with an index, allowing the reader to quickly locate information by person or newspaper, and by type of treatment. Slave narratives and lectures Main article: Slave narrative As there began to be a significant number of literate ex-slaves (freedmen or fugitives), some wrote of their earlier experiences as slaves, reporting mistreatment they witnessed and suffered themselves. Shortly after, a growing number of former slaves were able to speak in public, sometimes eloquently, about what they had experienced and seen. Starting with James Bradley, in Ohio, then William G. Allen, so well-educated that he taught Greek at New-York Central College, in Massachusetts and upstate New York, Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth across the free states, and the list could be extended. Both the slave narratives and the lectures were for free state audiences, who were mostly unaware of the reality of enslaved people's lives. Frederick Douglass In his autobiography, a bestseller first published in 1845 and later revised several times, Frederick Douglass describes the treatment of his cousin at the hands of their enslaver: His cruelty and meanness were especially displayed in his treatment of my unfortunate cousin Henny, whose lameness made her a burden to him. I have seen him tie up this lame and maimed woman and whip her in a manner most brutal and shocking; and then with blood-chilling blasphemy he would quote the passage of scripture, 'That servant which knew his lord's will and prepared not himself, neither did according to his will, shall be beaten with many stripes.' He would keep this lacerated woman tied up by her wrists to a bolt in the joist, three, four, and five hours at a time. He would tie her up early in the morning, whip her with a cowskin before breakfast, leave her tied up, go to his store, and returning to dinner repeat the castigation, laying on the rugged lash on flesh already raw by repeated blows. He seemed desirous to get the poor girl out of existence, or at any rate off his hands. ...Finally, upon a pretense that he could do nothing for her (I use his own words), he 'set her adrift to take care of herself' ...turning loose the only cripple among [his slaves] virtually to starve and die." He also describes the cowskin whip: The cowskin is a kind of whip seldom seen in the northern states. It is made entirely of untanned, but dried, ox hide, and is about as hard as a piece of well-seasoned live oak. It is made of various sizes, but the usual length is about three feet. The part held in the hand is nearly an inch in thickness; and, from the extreme end of the butt or handle, the cowskin tapers its whole length to a point. This makes it quite elastic and springy. A blow with it, on the hardest back, will gash the flesh, and make the blood start. Cowskins are painted red, blue and green, and are the favorite slave whip. I think this whip worse than the "cat-o'nine-tails." It condenses the whole strength of the arm to a single point, and comes with a spring that makes the air whistle. It is a terrible instrument, and is so handy, that the overseer can always have it on his person, and ready for use. The temptation to use it is ever strong; and an overseer can, if disposed, always have cause for using it. With him, it is literally a word and a blow, and, in most cases, the blow comes first. Sojourner Truth Sojourner Truth, to whose narrative the above statement by Douglass was appended, relates the following scene she witnessed: ...one Hasbrouck. — He had a sick slave-woman, who was lingering with a slow consumption [tuberculosis] whom he made to spin, regardless of her weakness and suffering; and this woman had a child, that was unable to walk or talk, at the age of five years, neither could it cry like other children, but made a constant, piteous, moaning sound. This exhibition of helplessness and imbecility, instead of exciting the master's pity, stung his cupidity, and so enraged him, that he would kick the poor thing about like a foot-ball. Isabella's informant had seen this brute of a man, when the child was curled up under a chair, innocently amusing itself with a few sticks, drag it thence, that he might have the pleasure of tormenting it. She had seen him, with one blow of his foot, send it rolling quite across the room, and down the steps at the door. Oh, how she wished it might instantly die! "But," she said, "it seemed as tough as a moccasin." Though it did die at last, and made glad the heart of its friends; and its persecutor, no doubt, rejoiced with them, but from very different motives. Teaching slaves to read was discouraged or (depending upon the state) prohibited, so as to hinder aspirations for escape or rebellion. In response to slave rebellions such as the Haitian Revolution, the 1811 German Coast Uprising, a failed uprising in 1822 organized by Denmark Vesey, and Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831, some states prohibited slaves from holding religious gatherings, or any other kind of gathering, without a white person present, for fear that such meetings could facilitate communication and lead to rebellion and escapes. Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling, beating, mutilation, branding, and/or imprisonment. Punishment was most often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but masters or overseers sometimes abused slaves to assert dominance. Pregnancy was not a barrier to punishment; methods were devised to administer lashings without harming the baby. Slave masters would dig a hole big enough for the woman's stomach to lie in and proceed with the lashings. But such "protective" steps gave neither expectant slave mothers nor their unborn infants much real protection against grave injury or death from excess zeal or number of lashes inflicted, as one quote by ex-captive Moses Grandy took note: One of my sisters was so severely punished in this way, that labour was brought on, and the child born in the field. This very overseer, Mr. Brooks, killed in this manner a girl named Mary: her [parents] were in the field at the time. He also killed a boy about twelve years old. He had no punishment, or even trial, for either [murder]. The mistreatment of slaves frequently included rape and the sexual abuse of women. The sexual abuse of slaves was partially rooted in historical Southern culture and its view of the enslaved as property. After 1662, when Virginia adopted the legal doctrine partus sequitur ventrem, sexual relations between white men and black women were regulated by classifying children of slave mothers as slaves regardless of their father's race or status. Particularly in the Upper South, a population developed of mixed-race (mulatto) offspring of such unions (see children of the plantation), although white Southern society claimed to abhor miscegenation and punished sexual relations between white women and black men as damaging to racial purity. Frederick Law Olmsted visited Mississippi in 1853 and wrote: A cast mass of the slaves pass their lives, from the moment they are able to go afield in the picking season till they drop worn out in the grave, in incessant labor, in all sorts of weather, at all seasons of the year, without any other change or relaxation than is furnished by sickness, without the smallest hope of any improvement either in their condition, in their food, or in their clothing, which are of the plainest and coarsest kind, and indebted solely to the forbearance or good temper of the overseer for exception from terrible physical suffering. Living conditions Compiling a variety of historical sources, historian Kenneth M. Stampp identified in his classic work The Peculiar Institution reoccurring themes in slavemasters’ efforts to produce the "ideal slave": Maintain strict discipline and unconditional submission. Create a sense of personal inferiority, so that slaves "know their place." Instill fear. Teach servants to take interest in their master's enterprise. Prevent access to education and recreation, to ensure that slaves remain uneducated, helpless, and dependent. Brutality According to historians David Brion Davis and Eugene Genovese, treatment of slaves was harsh and inhumane. During work and outside of it, slaves suffered physical abuse, since the government allowed it. Treatment was usually harsher on large plantations, which were often managed by overseers and owned by absentee slaveholders. Small slaveholders worked together with their slaves and sometimes treated them more humanely. Besides slaves' being vastly overworked, they suffered brandings, shootings, "floggings," and much worse punishments. Flogging was a term often used to describe the average lashing or whipping a slave would receive for misbehaving. Many times a slave would also simply be put through "wanton cruelties" or unprovoked violent beatings or punishments. Inhumane treatment After 1820, in response to the inability to legally import new slaves from Africa following prohibition of the international slave trade, some slaveholders improved the living conditions of their slaves, to influence them not to attempt escape. Some slavery advocates asserted that many slaves were content with their situation. African-American abolitionist J. Sella Martin countered that apparent "contentment" was in fact a psychological defense to dehumanizing brutality of having to bear witness to their spouses being sold at auction and daughters raped. Likewise, Elizabeth Keckley, who grew up a slave in Virginia and became Mary Todd Lincoln's personal modiste, gave an account of what she had witnessed as a child to explain the folly of any claim that the slave was jolly or content. Little Joe, son of the cook, was sold to pay his owner's bad debt: Joe’s mother was ordered to dress him in his best Sunday clothes and send him to the house, where he was sold, like the hogs, at so much per pound. When her son started for Petersburgh, ... she pleaded piteously that her boy not be taken from her; but master quieted her by telling that he was going to town with the wagon, and would be back in the morning. Morning came, but little Joe did not return to his mother. Morning after morning passed, and the mother went down to the grave without ever seeing her child again. One day she was whipped for grieving for her lost boy.... Burwell never liked to see his slaves wear a sorrowful face, and those who offended in this way were always punished. Alas! the sunny face of the slave is not always an indication of sunshine in the heart. William Dunway notes that slaves were often punished for their failure to demonstrate due deference and submission to whites. Demonstrating politeness and humility showed the slave was submitting to the established racial and social order, while failure to follow them demonstrated insolence and a threat to the social hierarchy. Dunway observes that slaves were punished almost as often for symbolic violations of the social order as they were for physical failures; in Appalachia, two-thirds of whippings were done for social offences versus one-third for physical offences such as low productivity or property losses. Education and access to information Slave owners, even though they proclaimed American slavery to be benevolent, greatly feared slave rebellions. Most of them sought to minimize slaves' exposure to the outside world to reduce the risk. The desired result was to eliminate slaves' dreams and aspirations, restrict access to information about escaped slaves and rebellions, and stifle their mental faculties. Education of slaves, then, was at least discouraged, and usually prohibited altogether. (See Education during the slave period.) It was seen by slaveowners as something the enslaved, like other farm animals, were incapable of learning and not needed to do their jobs. They believed slaves with knowledge would become morose, if not insolent and "uppity". They might learn of the Underground Railroad: that escape was possible, that many would help, and that there were sizeable communities of formerly enslaved Blacks in Northern cities. In 1841, Virginia punished violations of this law by 20 lashes to the slave and a $100 fine to the teacher, and North Carolina by 39 lashes to the slave and a $250 fine to the teacher. In Kentucky, education of slaves was legal but almost nonexistent. Some Missouri slaveholders educated their slaves or permitted them to do so themselves. In Utah, slave owners were required to send black slaves to school for eighteen months between the ages of six and twenty years and Indian slaves for three months every year. Working conditions In 1740, following the Stono Rebellion, Maryland limited slaves' working hours to 15 per day in the summer and 14 in the winter, with no work permitted on Sunday. Historian Charles Johnson writes that such laws were not only motivated by compassion, but also by the desire to pacify slaves and prevent future revolts. Slave working conditions were often made worse by the plantation's need for them to work overtime to sustain themselves in regards to food and shelter. In Utah, slaves were required to work "reasonable" hours. Child workers Children, who of course could not go to school, were, like adults, usually expected to work to their physical limits. It was completely legal to exploit children, to work them brutally, to whip them, and to use them sexually. Even very young children could be given tasks such as guarding flocks or carrying water to the field hands. Medical treatment Main article: Slave health on plantations in the United States The quality of medical care to slaves is uncertain; some historians conclude that because slaveholders wished to preserve the value of their slaves, they received the same care as whites did. Others conclude that medical care was poor. A majority of plantation owners and doctors balanced a plantation need to coerce as much labor as possible from a slave without causing death, infertility, or a reduction in productivity; the effort by planters and doctors to provide sufficient living resources that enabled their slaves to remain productive and bear many children; the impact of diseases and injury on the social stability of slave communities; the extent to which illness and mortality of sub-populations in slave society reflected their different environmental exposures and living circumstances rather than their alleged racial characteristics. Slaves may have also provided adequate medical care to each other. Previous studies show that a slave-owner would care for his slaves through only "prudence and humanity." Although conditions were harsh for most slaves, many slave-owners saw that it was in their best interest financially to see that each slave stayed healthy enough to maintain an active presence on the plantation, and if female, to reproduce. (In the northern states of Maryland and Virginia, children were openly spoken of as a "product" exported to the Deep South.) An ill slave meant less work done, and that motivated some plantation owners to have medical doctors monitor their slaves in an attempt to keep them healthy. (J. Marion Sims was for some years a "plantation doctor".) Other slave-owners wishing to save money would rely on their own self-taught remedies, combined with any helpful knowledge of their wives to help treat the sickly. Older slaves and oftentimes grandparents of slave communities would pass down useful medical skills and remedies as well. Also, large enough plantations with owners willing to spend the money would often have primitive infirmaries built to deal with the problems of slaves' health. According to Michael W. Byrd, a dual system of medical care provided poorer care for slaves throughout the South, and slaves were excluded from proper, formal medical training. This meant that slaves were mainly responsible for their own care, a "health subsystem" that persisted long after slavery was abolished. Slaves took such an active role in the health care of their community. In 1748, Virginia prohibited them from advertising certain treatments. Medical care was usually provided by fellow slaves or by slaveholders and their families, and only rarely by physicians. Care for sick household members was mostly provided by women. Some slaves possessed medical skills, such as knowledge of herbal remedies and midwifery and often treated both slaves and non-slaves. Covey suggests that because slaveholders offered poor treatment, slaves relied on African remedies and adapted them to North American plants. Other examples of improvised health care methods included folk healers, grandmother midwives, and social networks such as churches, and, for pregnant slaves, female networks. Slave-owners would sometimes also seek healing from such methods in times of ill health. In Missouri, slaveholders generally provided adequate health care to their slaves, and were motivated by humanitarian concerns, maintenance of slaves' productivity, and protection of the owners' investment. Researchers performed medical experiments on slaves, who could not refuse, if their owners permitted it. They frequently displayed slaves to illustrate medical conditions. Southern medical schools advertised the ready supply of corpses of the enslaved, for dissection in anatomy classes, as an incentive to enroll. Religion During the early 17th century, some colonies permitted slaves who converted to Christianity to become free, but this possibility was eliminated by the mid 17th century. In 1725, Virginia granted slaves the right to establish a church, leading to the establishment of the First Church of Colored Baptists. In many cases throughout the American South, slaves created hybrid forms of Christianity, mixing elements of traditional African religions with traditional as well as new interpretations of Christianity. South Carolina permitted law enforcement to disband any religious meeting where more than half the participants were black. Earnings and possessions Owners usually provided the enslaved with low-quality clothing, made from rough cloth and shoes from old leather. Masters commonly paid slaves small bonuses at Christmas, and some slaveholders permitted them to keep earnings and gambling profits. One slave, Denmark Vesey, bought his freedom with a lottery prize; James Bradley worked extra hours and was allowed to save enough to purchase his. In comparison to non-slaves Robert Fogel argued that the material conditions of slaves were better than those of free industrial workers. However, 58% of historians and 42% of economists surveyed disagreed with Fogel's proposition. Fogel's view was that, while slaves' living conditions were poor by modern standards, all workers during the first half of the 19th century were subject to hardship. He further stated that over the course of their lifetime, a typical slave field hand "received" about 90% of the income he produced. Harriet Jacobs, who escaped from slavery and later visited England while working as a nanny, considered the conditions of the poor English farmworkers in Berkshire to still be much better than what the American slaves had because of the former's better quality of life. Slaves were legally considered non-persons unless they committed a crime. An Alabama court ruled that slaves "are rational beings, they are capable of committing crimes; and in reference to acts which are crimes, are regarded as persons. Because they are slaves, they are incapable of performing civil acts, and, in reference to all such, they are things, not persons." Punishment and abuse Slaves were punished by whipping, shackling, hanging, beating, burning, mutilation, branding, rape, and imprisonment. Punishment was often meted out in response to disobedience or perceived infractions, but sometimes abuse was performed to re-assert the dominance of the master (or overseer) over the slave. They were punished with knives, guns, field tools and nearby objects. The whip was the most common instrument used against a slave; one said "The only punishment that I ever heard or knew of being administered slaves was whipping", although he knew several who were beaten to death for offenses such as "sassing" a white person, hitting another "negro", "fussing" or fighting in quarters. Slaves who worked and lived on plantations were the most frequently punished. Punishment could be administered by the plantation owner or master, his wife, children, or (most often) the overseer or driver. Slave overseers were authorized to whip and punish slaves. One overseer told a visitor, "Some Negroes are determined never to let a white man whip them and will resist you, when you attempt it; of course you must kill them in that case." A former slave describes witnessing females being whipped: "They usually screamed and prayed, though a few never made a sound." If the woman was pregnant, workers might dig a hole for her to rest her belly while being whipped. After slaves were whipped, overseers might order their wounds be burst and rubbed with turpentine and red pepper. An overseer reportedly took a brick, ground it into a powder, mixed it with lard and rubbed it all over a slave. A metal collar could be put on a slave. Such collars were thick and heavy; they often had protruding spikes which made fieldwork difficult and prevented the slave from sleeping when lying down. Louis Cain, a former slave, describes seeing another slave punished: "One nigger run to the woods to be a jungle nigger, but massa cotched him with the dog and took a hot iron and brands him. Then he put a bell on him, in a wooden frame what slip over the shoulders and under the arms. He made that nigger wear the bell a year and took it off on Christmas for a present to him. It sho' did make a good nigger out of him." Plantation slave cabins, South Carolina Low Country Slaves were punished for a number of reasons: working too slowly, breaking a law (for example, running away), leaving the plantation without permission, insubordination, impudence as defined by the owner or overseer, or for no reason, to underscore a threat or to assert the owner's dominance and masculinity. Myers and Massy describe the practices: "The punishment of deviant slaves was decentralized, based on plantations, and crafted so as not to impede their value as laborers." Whites punished slaves publicly to set an example. A man named Harding describes an incident in which a woman assisted several men in a minor rebellion: "The women he hoisted up by the thumbs, whipp'd and slashed her [sic] with knives before the other slaves till she died." Men and women were sometimes punished differently; according to the 1789 report of the Virginia Committee of the Privy Council, males were often shackled but women and girls were left free. The branding of slaves for identification was common during the colonial era; however, by the nineteenth century it was used primarily as punishment. Mutilation of slaves, such as castration of males, removing a front tooth or teeth, and amputation of ears was a relatively common punishment during the colonial era, still used in 1830: it facilitated their identification if they ran away. Any punishment was permitted for runaway slaves, and many bore wounds from shotgun blasts or dog bites used by their captors. In 1717, Maryland law provided that slaves were not entitled to a jury trial for a misdemeanor and empowered county judges to impose a punishment of up to 40 lashes. In 1729, the colony passed a law permitting punishment for slaves including hanging, decapitation, and cutting the body into four quarters for public display. In 1740, South Carolina passed a law prohibiting cruelty to slaves; however, slaves could still be killed under some circumstances. The anti-cruelty law prohibited cutting out the tongue, putting out the eye, castration, scalding, burning, and amputating limbs, but permitted whipping, beating, putting in irons, and imprisonment. There was almost no enforcement of the prohibitions, as a slave could not be a witness nor give testimony against a white. In 1852, Utah passed the Act in Relation to Service, which provided several protections for slaves. They were freed if the slave owner was found guilty of cruelty or abuse, or neglect to feed, clothe, or shelter the slave, or if there were any sexual intercourse between the master and the slave. The definition of cruelty was vague and hard to enforce, and in practice, slaves received similar treatment to those in the South. Laws governing treatment By law, slaveholders could be fined for not punishing recaptured runaway slaves. Slave codes authorized, indemnified or required violence, and were denounced by abolitionists for their brutality. Both slaves and free blacks were regulated by the Black Codes, and their movements were monitored by slave patrols conscripted from the white population. The patrols were authorized to use summary punishment against escapees; in the process, they sometimes maimed or killed the escapees. Slave Market, Public Square, Louisville, Georgia Historian Nell Irvin Painter and others have documented that Southern history went "across the color line." Contemporary accounts by Mary Chesnut and Fanny Kemble (both married in the Deep South planter class) and accounts by former slaves gathered by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) attested to the abuse of women slaves by white owners and overseers. Slave codes Main article: Slave codes The slave-owning colonies had laws governing the control and punishment of slaves which were known as slave codes. South Carolina established its slave code in 1712, based on the 1688 Barbadian slave code. The South Carolina slave code was a model for other North American colonies. In 1770, Georgia adopted the South Carolina slave code and Florida adopted the Georgia code. The 1712 South Carolina slave code included the following provisions: Slaves were forbidden to leave the owner's property unless accompanied by a white person, or with permission. If a slave left the owner's property without permission, "every white person" was required to chastise them. Any slave attempting to run away and leave the colony (later, the state) received the death penalty. Any slave who evaded capture for 20 days or more was to be publicly whipped for the first offense; branded with an "R" on the right cheek on the second offense; lose one ear if absent for thirty days on the third offense, and castrated on the fourth offense. Owners refusing to abide by the slave code were fined and forfeited their slaves. Slave homes were searched every two weeks for weapons or stolen goods. Punishment escalated from loss of an ear, branding and nose-slitting to death on the fourth offense. No slave could work for pay; plant corn, peas or rice; keep hogs, cattle, or horses; own or operate a boat; buy or sell, or wear clothes finer than "Negro cloth". The South Carolina slave code was revised in 1739, with the following amendments: No slave could be taught to write, work on Sunday, or work more than 15 hours per day in summer and 14 hours in winter. The willful killing of a slave was fined £700, and "passion" killing £350. The fine for concealing runaway slaves was $1,000 and a prison sentence up to one year. A fine of $100 and six months in prison were imposed for employing a freeman or slave as a clerk. A fine of $100 and six months in prison were imposed for selling (or giving) alcoholic beverages to slaves. A fine of $100 and six months in prison were imposed for teaching a slave to read and write; the death penalty was imposed for circulating incendiary literature. Freeing a slave was forbidden except by deed (after 1820, only by permission of the legislature; Georgia required legislative approval after 1801). The slave codes in the tobacco colonies (Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia) were modeled on the Virginia code, established in 1667. The 1682 Virginia code included the following provisions: Slaves were prohibited from possessing weapons. Slaves were prohibited from leaving their owner's plantation without permission. Slaves were prohibited from attacking a white person, even in self-defense. A runaway slave, refusing to surrender, could be killed without penalty. Owners convicted of crimes In 1811, Arthur William Hodge was the first slaveholder executed for the murder of a slave in the British West Indies. However, he was not (as some have claimed) the first white person to have been executed for killing a slave. Records indicate at least two earlier incidents. On November 23, 1739, in Williamsburg, Virginia, two white men (Charles Quin and David White) were hanged for the murder of another white man's slave. On April 21, 1775, the Virginia Gazette in Fredericksburg reported that a white man (William Pitman) was hanged for the murder of his own slave. Laws punishing whites for punishing their slaves were weakly enforced or easily avoided. In Smith v. Hancock, the defendant justified punishing his slave to a white jury; the slave was attending an unlawful meeting, discussed rebellion, refused to surrender and resisted the arresting officer by force. Sexual relations and rape Rape and sexual abuse See also: Children of the plantation and Slavery in the United States § "Fancy ladies" Owners of enslaved people could legally use them as sexual objects. Therefore, slavery in the United States encompassed wide-ranging rape and sexual abuse, including many forced pregnancies, in order to produce children for sale. Many slaves fought back against sexual attacks, and some died resisting them; others were left with psychological and physical scars. "Soul murder, the feeling of anger, depression and low self-esteem" is how historian Nell Irvin Painter describes the effects of this abuse, linking it to slavery. Slaves regularly suppressed anger before their masters to avoid showing weakness. Harriet Jacobs said in her narrative that she believed her mistress did not try to protect her because she was jealous of her master's sexual interest in her. Victims of abuse during slavery may have blamed themselves for the incidents, due to their isolation.{} Rape laws in the South embodied a race-based double standard. Black men accused of rape during the colonial period were often punished with castration, and the penalty was increased to death during the Antebellum Period; however, white men could legally rape their female slaves. Men and boys were also sexually abused by slaveholders. Thomas Foster says that although historians have begun to cover sexual abuse during slavery, few focus on sexual abuse of men and boys because of the assumption that only enslaved women were victimized. Foster suggests that men and boys may have also been forced into unwanted sexual activity; one problem in documenting such abuse is that they, of course, did not bear mixed-race children. Both masters and mistresses were thought to have abused male slaves. Angela Davis contends that the systematic rape of female slaves is analogous to the supposed medieval concept of droit du seigneur, believing that the rapes were a deliberate effort by slaveholders to extinguish resistance in women and reduce them to the status of animals. The sexual abuse of slaves was partially rooted in a patriarchal Southern culture which treated all women, black and white, as property. Although Southern mores regarded white women as dependent and submissive, black women were often consigned to a life of sexual exploitation. Racial purity was the driving force behind the Southern culture's prohibition of sexual relations between white women and black men; however, the same culture protected sexual relations between white men and black women. The result was a number of mixed-race offspring. Many women were raped, and had little control over their families. Children, free women, indentured servants, and men were not immune from abuse by masters and owners(See Children of the plantation.) Children, especially young girls, were often subjected to sexual abuse by their masters, their masters' children, and relatives. Similarly, indentured servants and slave women were often abused. Since these women had no control over where they went or what they did, their masters could manipulate them into situations of high risk, i.e. forcing them into a dark field or making them sleep in their master's bedroom to be available for service. Free or white women could charge their perpetrators with rape, but slave women had no legal recourse; their bodies legally belonged to their owners. This record has also given historians the opportunity to explore sexual abuse during slavery in populations other than enslaved women. In 1662, the Southern colonies adopted into law the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, by which the children of enslaved women took the status of their mothers regardless of the ethnicity of their fathers. This was a departure from common law, which held that children took the status of their father. Some fathers freed their children, but many did not. The law relieved men of responsibility to support their children, and restricted the open secret of miscegenation to the slave quarters. However, Europeans and other visitors to the South noted the number of mixed-race slaves. During the 19th century Mary Chesnut and Fanny Kemble, whose husbands were planters, chronicled the disgrace of white men taking sexual advantage of slave women. Resisting reproduction Main article: Enslaved women's resistance in the United States and Caribbean Some women resisted reproduction in order to resist slavery. They found medicine or herbs to terminate pregnancies (abortifacients) or practiced abstinence. For example, chewing on cotton root was one of the more popular methods to end a pregnancy. This method was often used as the plant was readily available, especially for the women who worked in cotton fields. Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant, and it was described by scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It appears to inhibit the development of sperm or restrict the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle by restricting the release of certain hormones. Women's knowledge of different forms of contraception helped them control some factors in their life. By resisting reproduction, enslaved women took control over their bodies and their lives. Richard Follet says: by consciously avoiding pregnancy or through gynecological resistance, black women reclaimed their own bodies, frustrated the planters' pro-natalist policies, and in turn defied white male constructions of their sexuality. Whether swallowing abortifacients such as calomel and turpentine or chewing on natural contraceptives like cotton roots or okra, slave women wove contraception and miscarriages through the dark fabric of slave oppositional culture. By using various ways to resist reproduction, some women convinced their masters they could not bear children. Deborah Gray White cites several cases of women who were considered by their masters to be infertile during slavery. These women went on to have several healthy children after they were freed. Other slave women used abstinence. "Slave men and women appear to have practiced abstinence, often with the intention of denying their master any more human capital." It was not just women who resisted reproduction, in some instances men did also. An ex-slave, Virginia Yarbrough, explained how one slave woman persuaded the man that her master told her to live with to practice abstinence. After three months, the master realized that the couple were not going to produce any children, so he let her live with the man of her choice, and they had children. "By abstaining from sexual intercourse, she was able to resist her master's wishes and live and have children with the man she loved." Women resisted reproduction to avoid bringing children into slavery, and to deprive their owners of future property and profit. "In addition to the labor they provided, slaves were a profitable investment: Their prices rose steadily throughout the antebellum era, as did the return that slave owners could expect when slaves reproduced." Liese M. Perrin writes, "In avoiding direct confrontation, slave women had the potential to resist in a way which pierced the very heart of slavery- by defying white slave owners the labor and profits that their children would one day provide." Women knew that slave children were forced to start working at a very young age. Life was harsh under slavery, with little time for a mother and child to bond. Enslaved women and their children could be separated at any time. Women were forced to do heavy work even if pregnant. Sometimes this caused miscarriage or difficulties in childbirth. Richard Follett explains that "heavy physical work undermines reproductive fitness, specifically ovarian function, and thus limits success in procreation." An enslaved woman carried her infant with her to field work, nursing it during brief breaks. For instance, in Freedom on My Mind', it is said that "as an infant, he rode on his mother's back while she worked in the fields to nurse." Women's use of contraception was resistance and a form of strike, since slave women were expected to reproduce. Despite acts of resistance, many slave women had numerous children. Peter Kolchin notes that some historians estimate a birthrate of 7 children per slave woman during the antebellum era, which was an era of large families among free women as well. Effects on womanhood Slave women were unable to maintain African traditions, although some were carried on. African women were born and raised to give birth; there were no rituals or cultural customs in America. "Under extreme conditions the desire and ability of women to have children is reduced". Slavery removed everything that made them feel womanly, motherly, and African. A "normal" African family life was impossible; women were in the field most of the day and fathers were almost non-existent. In Africa, "Motherhood was the fulfillment of female adulthood and fertility the African women's greatest gift". Slave breeding Main article: Slave breeding in the United States Slave breeding was the attempt by a slave-owner to influence the reproduction of his slaves for profit. It included forced sexual relations between male and female slaves, encouraging slave pregnancies, sexual relations between master and slave to produce slave children and favoring female slaves who had many children. Nobel economist Robert Fogel disagreed in his controversial 1970s work that slave-breeding and sexual exploitation destroyed black families. Fogel argued that since the family was the basic unit of social organization under slavery, it was in the economic interest of slaveholders to encourage the stability of slave families and most did so. Most slave sales were either of entire families, or of individuals at an age when it would have been normal for them to leave home. However, testimony from former slaves does not support Fogel's view. For instance, Frederick Douglass (who grew up as a slave in Maryland) reported the systematic separation of slave families and widespread rape of slave women to boost slave numbers. With the development of cotton plantations in the Deep South, planters in the Upper South frequently broke up families to sell "surplus" male slaves to other markets. In addition, court cases such as those of Margaret Garner in Ohio or Celia, a slave in 19th-century Missouri, dealt with women slaves who had been sexually abused by their masters. Families Further information: Marriage of enslaved people (United States) Slaves were predominantly male during the early colonial era, but the ratio of male to female slaves became more equal in later years. Under slavery, planters and other slaveholders owned, controlled, and sold entire families of slaves. The slave population increased in the southern United States as native-born slaves produced large families. Slave women were at high risk for sexual abuse from slave owners and their sons, overseers, or other white men in power, as well as from male slaves. Slaves were at a continual risk of losing family members if their owners decided to sell them for profit, punishment or to pay debts. Slaveholders also made gifts of slaves to grown children (or other family members) as wedding settlements. They considered slave children to be adults, ready to work in the fields or leave home (by sale) as young as age 12 or 14. However, slave children, who of course did not go to school, were routinely given work: carrying water to the field hands, for example. A few slaves retaliated by murdering their owners and overseers, burning barns, and killing horses. But work slowdowns were the most frequent form of resistance and hard to control. Slaves also "walked away," going to the woods or a neighboring plantation for a while. Slave narratives by escaped slaves published during the 19th century often included accounts of families broken up and women sexually abused. During the early 1930s, members of the Federal Writers' Project interviewed former slaves and also made recordings of the talks (the only such records made). In 2007, the interviews were remastered, reproduced on CDs, and published in book form in conjunction with the Library of Congress, Smithsonian Productions, and a National Public Radio project. In the introduction to the oral history project (Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk About Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Emancipation), the editors wrote: As masters applied their stamp to the domestic life of the slave quarter, slaves struggled to maintain the integrity of their families. Slaveholders had no legal obligation to respect the sanctity of the slave's marriage bed, and slave women— married or single – had no formal protection against their owners' sexual advances. ...Without legal protection and subject to the master's whim, the slave family was always at risk. The book includes a number of examples of enslaved families who were torn apart when family members were sold out of state, and accounts of sexual violation of enslaved women by men in power. Receipt for $500 payment ($10,300, adjusted for inflation as of 2007) for slave, 1840: "Recd of Judge S. Williams his notes for five hundred Dollars in full payment for a negro man named Ned which negro I warrant to be sound and well and I do bind myself by these presents to forever warrant and defend the right and Title of the said negro to the said Williams his heirs or assigns against the legal claims of all persons whatsoever. Witness my hand and seal this day and year above written. Eliza Wallace [seal]" Female slave stereotypes See also: Female slavery in the United States The evidence of white men raping slave women was obvious in the many mixed-race children who were born into slavery and part of many households. In some areas, such mixed-race families became the core of domestic and household servants, as at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. Both his father-in-law and he took mixed-race enslaved women as concubines after being widowed; each man had six children by those enslaved women. Jefferson's young concubine, Sally Hemings, was 3/4 white, the daughter of his father-in-law John Wayles, making her the half-sister of his late wife. By the 19th century, popular Southern literature characterized female slaves as lustful and promiscuous "Jezebels" who shamelessly tempted white owners into sexual relations. This stereotype of the promiscuous slave was partially motivated by the need to rationalize the obvious sexual relations that took place between female slaves and white males, as evidenced by the children. The stereotype was reinforced by female slaves' working partially clothed, due to the hot climate. During slave auctions, females were sometimes displayed nude or only partially clothed. Edward Ball, in his Slaves in the Family (1995), noted that it was more often the planters' sons who took advantage of slave women before their legal marriages to white women, than did the senior planters. Concubines and sexual slaves Main articles: History of sexual slavery in the United States and Plaçage Many female slaves (known as "fancy maids") were sold at auction into concubinage or prostitution, which was called the "fancy trade". Concubine slaves were the only female slaves who commanded a higher price than skilled male slaves. During the early Louisiana colonial period, French men took wives and mistresses from the slaves; they often freed their children and, sometimes, their mistresses. A sizable class of free people of color developed in New Orleans, Mobile, and outlying areas. By the late 18th century white creole men of New Orleans, known as French Creoles, had a relatively formal system of plaçage among free women of color, which continued under Spanish rule. Plaçage was a public and well known system. This was evident by the fact that the largest annual ball was the "Quadroon Ball." It was an event equivalent to the white debutant ball, where young Quadroon women were paraded out for selection by their would-be Creole benefactors. Mothers negotiated settlements or dowries for their daughters to be mistresses to white men. In some cases, young men took such mistresses before their marriages to white women; in others, they continued the relationship after marriage. They were known to pay for the education of their children, especially their sons, whom they sometimes sent to France for schooling and military service. These Quadroon mistresses were housed in cottages along Rampart Street the northern border of the Quarter. After the Civil War most were destitute and this area became the center of prostitution and later was chosen as the site to confine prostitution in the city and became known as Storyville. Anti-miscegenation sentiment See also: Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States There was a growing feeling among whites that miscegenation was damaging to racial purity. Some segments of society began to disapprove of any sexual relationships between blacks and whites, whether slave or free, but particularly between white women and black men. In Utah, sexual relationships with a slave resulted in the slave being freed. Mixed-race children Main article: Children of the plantation The children of white fathers and slave mothers were mixed-race slaves, whose appearance was generally classified as mulatto. This term originally meant a person with white and black parents, but then encompassed any mixed-race person. In New Orleans, where the Code Noir (Black Code) held sway under French and Spanish rule, people of mixed race were defined as mulatto: one half white, one half black; quadroon: three quarters white, one quarter black; octoroon: seven-eights white, one eighth black. The Code Noir prohibited marriage between those of mixed race and full-blooded, or "slave", blacks. This undoubtedly formed the base of the well-known color discrimination within the black community, known as colorism. In the Black community, it is believed lighter-skinned black women are preferred by black men over darker skinned black women.<Documentary Dark Girls: Bill Duke> In the Quarter, lighter-skinned blacks had a higher social position and constituted a higher percentage of the free black population. By the turn of the 19th century many mixed-race families in Virginia dated to Colonial times; white women (generally indentured servants) had unions with slave and free African-descended men. Because of the mother's status, those children were born free and often married other free people of color. Given the generations of interaction, an increasing number of slaves in the United States during the 19th century were of mixed race. In the United States, children of mulatto and black slaves were also generally classified as mulatto. With each generation, the number of mixed-race slaves increased. The 1850, census identified 245,000 slaves as mulatto; by 1860, there were 411,000 slaves classified as mulatto out of a total slave population of 3,900,000. As noted above, some mixed-race people won freedom from slavery or were born as free blacks. If free, depending on state law, some mulattoes were legally classified as white because they had more than one-half to seven-eighths white ancestry. Questions of social status were often settled in court, but a person's acceptance by neighbors, fulfillment of citizen obligations, and other aspects of social status were more important than lineage in determining "whiteness". Notable examples of mostly-white children born into slavery were the children of Thomas Jefferson by his mixed-race slave Sally Hemings, who was three-quarters white by ancestry. Since 2000 historians have widely accepted Jefferson's paternity, the change in scholarship has been reflected in exhibits at Monticello and in recent books about Jefferson and his era. Some historians, however, continue to disagree with this conclusion. Speculation exists on the reasons George Washington freed his slaves in his will. One theory posits that the slaves included two half-sisters of his wife, Martha Custis. Those mixed-race slaves were born to slave women owned by Martha's father, and were regarded within the family as having been sired by him. Washington became the owner of Martha Custis's slaves under Virginia law when he married her and faced the ethical conundrum of owning his wife's sisters. Relationship of skin color to treatment As in Thomas Jefferson's household, the use of lighter-skinned slaves as household servants was not simply a choice related to skin color. Sometimes planters used mixed-race slaves as house servants or favored artisans because they were their children or other relatives. Six of Jefferson's later household slaves were the grown children of his father-in-law John Wayles and his slave mistress Betty Hemings. Half-siblings of Jefferson's wife Martha, she inherited them, along with Betty Hemings and other slaves, a year after her marriage to Jefferson following the death of her father. At that time some of the Hemings-Wayles children were very young; Sally Hemings was an infant. They were trained as domestic and skilled servants and headed the slave hierarchy at Monticello. Since 2000, historians have widely accepted that the widowed Jefferson had a nearly four-decade relationship with Sally Hemings, the youngest daughter of Wayles and Betty. It was believed to have begun when he was US minister in Paris, and she was part of his household. Sally was nearly 25 years younger than his late wife; Jefferson had six children of record with her, four of whom survived. Jefferson had his three mixed-race sons by Hemings trained as carpenters - a skilled occupation - so they could earn a living after he freed them when they came of age. Three of his four children by Hemings, including his daughter Harriet, the only slave woman he freed, "passed" into white society as adults because of their appearance. Some historians disagree with these conclusions about the paternity; see Jefferson-Hemings controversy. Planters with mixed-race children sometimes arranged for their education (occasionally in northern schools) or apprenticeship in skilled trades and crafts. Others settled property on them, or otherwise passed on social capital by freeing the children and their mothers. While fewer in number than in the Upper South, free blacks in the Deep South were often mixed-race children of wealthy planters and sometimes benefited from transfers of property and social capital. Wilberforce University, founded by Methodist and African Methodist Episcopal (AME) representatives in Ohio in 1856, for the education of African-American youth, was during its early history largely supported by wealthy southern planters who paid for the education of their mixed-race children. When the American Civil War broke out, the majority of the school's 200 students were of mixed race and from such wealthy Southern families. The college closed for several years before the AME Church bought and operated it. See also History Slavery in the colonial history of the United States Colonial American bastardy laws History of sexual slavery in the United States Female slavery in the United States Enslaved women's resistance in the United States and Caribbean Marriage and procreation Marriage of enslaved people (United States) Plaçage, interracial common law marriages in French and Spanish America, including New Orleans Sexual slavery Partus sequitur ventrem Other Delphine LaLaurie Forty acres and a mule Freedmen's Bureau Lumpkin's Jail A negro boy tortured References Bibliography Bankole, Katherine Kemi, Slavery and Medicine: Enslavement and Medical Practices in Antebellum Louisiana, Garland, 1998 Ball, Edward, Slaves in the Family, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998 Burke, Diane Mutti, On Slavery's Border: Missouri's Small Slaveholding Households, 1815–1865, University of Georgia Press, 2010 Byrd, W. Michael, and Clayton, Linda A., An American Health Dilemma: Vol 1: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race: Beginnings to 1900. Psychology Press, 2000. Campbell, James T. Songs of Zion, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995 Christian, Charles M., and Bennet, Sari, Black Saga: The African American Experience : A Chronology, Basic Civitas Books, 1998 Covey, Herbert C., African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and Non-Herbal Treatments, Lexington Books, 2008 "Cyrus Bellus" Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query Davis, David Brion, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006 Fogel, Robert, and Stanley Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, 2 volumes, 1974. Genovese, Eugene, The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and the Society of the Slave South, 1965. Heinegg, Paul, Free African Americans in Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina, 1998–2005 Johnson, Charles, and Smith, Patricia, Africans in America: America's Journey Through Slavery, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999 Marable, Manning, How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy, and Society South End Press, 2000 Moon, Dannell, "Slavery", in Encyclopedia of Rape, Merril D. Smith (Ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004 Moore, Wilbert Ellis, American Negro Slavery and Abolition: A Sociological Study, Ayer Publishing, 1980 Morgan, Philip D. "Interracial Sex In the Chesapeake and the British Atlantic World c. 1700–1820". In Jan Lewis, Peter S. Onuf. Sally Hemings & Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory, and Civic Culture, University of Virginia Press, 1999 Rothman, Joshua D. Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Interracial Relationships Across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787–1861, University of North Carolina Press, 2003 Rodriguez, Junius P., Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2007 "Story of Reverend Williams, aged 76, colored Methodist minister, born Greenbriar County, West Virginia" Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscrupt Division, Library of Congress.http://memory.loc.gov/cgibinquery "Work, Play, Food, Clothing, Marriage, etc." Born into Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers Project, 1936–1938, Manuscrupt Division, Library of Congress http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?mesnbib:4:./temp~ammem_e2K8::@@@mdb=aap,aaeo,rbaapcbib,aasm,aaodyssey,bbpix,rbpebib,mfd,hurstonbib,gmd,mcc,ncpm,afcesnbib,mesnbib,llstbib,uncall,fpnas Further reading Allain, J. M. (2013). "Sexual Relations Between Elite White Women and Enslaved Men in the Antebellum South: A Socio-Historical Analysis". Student Pulse. 5 (8). Brown, DeNeen L. (May 1, 2017). "Hunting down runaway slaves: The cruel ads of Andrew Jackson and 'the master class'". Washington Post. Paragraphs I wrote that were reverted Slavery in the United States Unique features Slavery in the United States developed a number of features that distinguished it, sometimes positively and sometimes negatively, from slavery as practiced in other countries and time periods. Although there wrre no such restrictions in 1776, before the Civil War 13 of the 15 slave states enacted legislation prohibiting teaching slaves to read and write. No other example of prohibition of slave education has come to light; rather, in medieval Spain, for example, a promising slave might well be educated, because he, or occasionally she, would gain in value and be able to carry out highly-paid work, such as correspondence, poetry-writing, or bookkeeping. Behind the prohibition is the relative cheapness of printed communication. In no other country was the possession of abolitionist literature made illegal. Thus indicates how vulnerable Southern slave-owners felt. Nowhere else was slavery debated from a religious point of view. In most places the children of free men with slaves were free. There were many more "children of the plantation" in the United States than in other countries Nowhere else was slavery be defended at length as a positive good, that a slave society was both more just, cultured, and prosperous. No other country has fought a civil war over slavery. Finally, while the United States was of course not the first country to eliminate slavery, it produced by far the largest body of writing attacking slavery and documenting its evils. NEED TO ADD: chattel deisenbe (talk) 16:23, 26 October 2019 (UTC) Slavery in Florida In 1763 began one of Florida's least-known colonial periods. The British ruled from 1763 to 1783 over Florida, taking it from the Spaniards. When Florida was returned to Spain in 1783, there was a nearly complete exodus of the few English colonists and the many Tories (British loyslists) who had fled there from the revolted colonies and made East Florida more populous and prosperous than it ever was as a Spanish colony. Spain had always looked upon Florida as a protective barrier for her vast colonies to the South, but being in her usual financial distress she was incapable of providing adequate forces for that protection. José María Casasayas Le sobrevino un incidente a que llamaba su desgracia: al volante en el campo, acompañado por Jean Canavaggio, se adormeció, dejó que el coche saliera de la carretera, causando la muerte de su esposa. Accidente de un solo coche. Pocos años después perdió la voz por una intervención quirúrgica originado en cábcer de la gargante. Lo vio como un castigo. Los cervantistas no le permitieron jubilarse; continuó organizando congresos aunque casi mudo y visiblemente mermado de fuerzas. Vivió solo, en la ciudad vieja de Palma, y antes de morirse estuvo tres días boca abajo en el suelo antes de que alguien le buscara. Esquivias 1 Cervantes y Esquivias Todo el texto siguiente, contribución de un servidor, fue borrado por usuario:Enrique_Cordero, no porque sea incorrecto o indocumentado, sino porque demuestra mi "voluntad polémica". Culpable, y mucha honra. __________________________________________ Sin embargo, en Esquivias hay, o ha habido, una cierta cervantomanía en que se idenfica a Esquivias — que está en La Sagra de Toledo, no la baja Mancha de Don Quijote — con el pueblo de Don Quijote. La casa solariega en que está ubicada la Casa-Museo de Cervantes se identificó con argumentos como éste: La casa tiene un corral y una puerta falsa; Don Quijote salió de su casa por una puerta falsa, luego la casa era su casa. En fin, allí vivió un Quixada, que era un nombre posible de Don Quijote. (No se toma en cuenta que al final de la Segunda Parte, se indica claramente que su apellido genuino era Quijano1​). Cervantes se inspiró en esta puerta falsa para incluir una en su obra, luego la casa era suya también. (La diferencia entre la casa de Don Quijote y la casa de Cervantes se mantiene mal en Esquivias; suelen confundirse o identificarse. En la Casa-Museo figuran tanto "la Biblioteca de Cervantes" como "el dormitorio de Alonso Quijada".) Además, Esquivias, en cuanto a Cervantes, acompaña a los monumentos auténticos — la iglesia en que se casó, la casa de los padres de Catalina de Palacios, la desprotegida casa en que vivió el matrimonio — con una serie de fantasías convertidas en leyendas convertidas en historias. Que hay un feísimo conjunto designado como el "Centro Comercial La Galatea", y las calles designadas El licenciado Vidriera, Rinconete y Cortadillo, Doña Catalina, Teresa Panza, del Cura Pero Pérez y "de la Dulcinea", no perjudica a nada, y las calles de Pedro Laínez (maestro poético de Cervantes, cuya viuda era esquiviana) y Lope de Rueda son elegantes de nombre. Pero decir que los personajes de Don Quijote están enterrados en la iglesia — como afirma, entre otros muchos disparates, www.esquivas.org3​ — deja el municipio en ridículo. La Sociedad Cervantina de Esquivias increíblemente sigue afirmando que están basados en figuras de Esquivias el cura Pero Pérez, el Bachiller Sansón Carrasco (en Argamasilla de Alba hubo otra casa "suya"), Teresa Panza, el morisco Ricote, Aldonza Lorenzo, el anónimo vizcaíno de Don Quijote, I, capítulos 8 y 9 y el labrador Pedro Alonso del capítulo 5.4​ En www.esquivias org se añade que Sancho Panza "estaba inspirado en un criado llamado tío Zancas", desde luego esquiviano.5​ Ni un solo cervantista, ni en realidad nadie fuera de Esquivias, cree en estos absurdos. En las páginas esquivianas citadas se dice que todo ello está apoyado por numerosos cervantistas de relieve, pero nunca se cita la página de ningún libro de ellos donde se puede encontrar. Ningún cervantista fuera de Esquivias ha escrito que Miguel y Catalina vivieron en la Casa-Museo de Cervantes.6​ Tan desprestigiada está Esquivias entre los cervantistas que, aunque los cervantistas del mundo se han reunido en varios lugares asociados con Cervantes — Argamasilla de Alba, El Toboso, Alcalá de Henares, Barcelona, Lepanto — no se han reunido nunca en Esquivias. Las únicas actividades cervantinas en Esquivias son locales. El Ayuntamiento de Esquivias, cuya página oficial antes señalaba como no sólo los arriba dichos sino también Juana Gutiérrez, Mari Gutiérrez, y Teresa Cascajo aparecen en documentos de la parroquia de Esquivias,7​ ha borrado todo lo cervantino, y todo el apartado "Cultura", de su página oficial, http://www.esquivias.es. ↑ Véase Thomas Lathrop, "Cervantes' Treatment of the False Quijote", Kentucky Romance Quarterly, vol. 32, 1985, pp. 213-217. ↑ http://www.esquivias.org/casacervantes/index.html ↑ http://www.esquivias.org/cervantes_esquivias.html, consultado 5 mayo 2015. ↑ http://cervantinaesquivias.org, página actualizada en 2015 según la fecha en ella, consultado 5 mayo 2015. ↑ http://www.esquivias.org/cervantes_esquivias.html, consultado 5 mayo 2015. ↑ Sin embargo, esto es lo que se dice en Esquivias: "Casa-museo donde Catalina vivió con Cervantes en Esquivias" (Jaime García, "Catalina de Palacios, una mujer ejemplar", ABC, 28/06/2015, http://www.abc.es/toledo/ciudad/20150627/abci-catalina-palacios-mujer-ejemplar-201506271410.html, consultado 14 julio 2015.) ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120626140415/http://www.esquivias.es, consultado 5 mayo 2015 _______________________________ Deisenbe (discusión) 10:31 18 ago 2015 (UTC) Bueno, lo borré por eso y porque Deisenbe no tiene muy claro lo de que Wikipedia no es un foro donde uno vierte sus opiniones y se toma sus revanchas. Saludos, --Enrique Cordero (discusión) 11:56 18 ago 2015 (UTC) Esto lo tomo por ofensivo. La palabra "feísima" es una opinión, supongo. Se podría suprimir. Hablar de "cervantomanía", puede que lo sea también. Pero que no existe ningún cervantista, fuera de Esquivias, que diga que Esquivias es cuna del Quijote, como se anuncia a la entrada del pueblo, y que Miguel y Catalina vivieron en la "Casa-Museo", no es una opinión, es un hecho. El mismo Luis Astrana Marín, el mayor biógrafo de Cervantes, identificó en su biografía su verdadera casa, que ha sido reformada dos veces desde la foto publicada por Astrana, pues la casa genuina está, como dije, desprotegida. Ni tiene una placa. Que la Asociación de Cervantistas se haya reunido en El Toboso, Argamasilla de Alba, Barcelona, Alcalá de Henares y Lepanto, pero desde su fundación en 1989 no se ha reunido nunca en Esquivias, es un hecho, no una opinión. Que en la "Casa-Museo" hay etiquetas identificando la biblioteca de Cervantes y también el dormitorio de Alonso Quijada, es un hecho. Que estoy tomando "una revancha" - esto es absurdo. No tengo enemistad personal con nadie, pues no conozco a ningún esquiviano, ni en persona ni por escrito. ¿Revancha de qué, y para qué? Por tergiversar los hechos, eso sí, y despistar a los novatos - si esto es revancha de mi parte, lo confieso. Deisenbe (discusión) 12:20 18 ago 2015 (UTC) Y que usted tiene muchas ganas de discutir también es un hecho evidente.--Enrique Cordero (discusión) 12:50 18 ago 2015 (UTC) 2 Enlaces rotos Knoxville, Summer of 1915: Removal of more than half the article Agee's text as excerpted by Barber Barber chose only excerpts of "Knoxville" for his composition, but his Knoxville, Summer of 1915, in many ways, parallels Agee's text. Agee was touched by the death of his father in his childhood, while Barber was, during the time of composition, enduring his father's deteriorating health. The two men were similarly aged. Most importantly, however, the two men were so compelled by nostalgia and inspiration that they (supposedly) wrote their pieces quickly and without much revision. The spontaneity of both the text and the music illustrate this reverie of the American south with an ease and honesty that sharply contrasts the paradigm of "multiple-draft writing," but with technical mastery nonetheless. Summary The text of Knoxville, Summer of 1915 does not tell a story. It is a poetic evocation of life as seen from the perspective of a small boy. It is full of alliteration ("people in pairs", "parents on porches", "sleep, soft smiling", "low on the length of lawns"). The point is that nothing is happening; the adults sit on the porch and talk "of nothing in particular, of nothing at all". Their voices are "gentle and meaningless, like the voices of sleeping birds". A horse and a buggy go by, a loud auto, a quiet auto, a noisy streetcar. The members of the family lie on quilts, in the yard (as was not unusual on a hot summer evening, before air conditioning). "The stars are wide and alive, they all seem like a smile of great sweetness, and they seem very near". The family members are described as a child would, quoting a grown-up: "One is an artist, he is living at home. One is a musician, she is living at home." The key people are the parents, his father and mother, who are both "good to me". The boy is "one familiar and well-beloved in that home". The text alludes to some tragedy to come: "May God bless my people, my uncle, my aunt, my mother, my good father, oh, remember them kindly in their time of trouble; and in the hour of their taking away". The boy includes philosophical commentary: "By chance, here they are, all on this earth; and who shall ever tell the sorrow of being on this earth, lying, on quilts, on the grass, in a summer evening, among the sounds of the night". He is "taken in and put to bed", and is received by sleep. Yet the one thing he can never learn in that house, that no one will ever tell him, is "who I am". With this sense of lack, of future, of responsibility, the piece ends. Musical structure The beginning of the piece, describing a warm summer's evening, is particularly lyrical in comparison to Agee's earlier passages in the same work. Barber capitalizes on the lyricism of this section through his use of word painting: "Talking casually" in measures 23–24, "increasing moan" in measures 65–66, "the faint swinging bell rises again..." in measure 79. The introduction concludes, and the reverie is interrupted abruptly; we are thrown into an allegro agitato, where Barber carries a simple horn-like motive in the woodwinds and horns. Staccato and pizzicato lines add to the chaos. Like the introduction, the imagery is vivid but intangible yet—this passage has all the clearness of a dream, but we are unclear what it means. The soprano again clarifies the imagery: "a streetcar raising its iron moan; stopping; belling and starting, stertorous; rousing and raising again its iron increasing moan." The noisy, metallic texture persists, interrupted by a notably pointed excursion, "like a small malignant spirit set to dog its tracks." Describing the spark above the trolley car as a spirit following it closely, Barber uses staccato woodwinds and pizzicato strings in walking chromaticism to illustrate this image. After the streetcar fades, the soprano begins a lyrical passage "now is the night one blue dew." Here the soprano reaches the highest note of the entire work, a B-flat sung piano. After this, we return to a rough interpretation of the first theme; this time the harp carries the "rocking" theme alone. This brief return to familiarity smoothly transitions into a passage where the narrator has changed from describing the summer's eve to contemplating grander things: "On the rough wet grass of the backyard my father and mother have spread quilts..." As was common before air conditioning, people would spend evenings outside their houses. Here adults and the narrator are lying down on quilts, talking sparsely and idly. In relative silence, the narrator, still a child, contemplates the vastness of the stars and "his people," sitting quietly with "larger bodies than mine." Thematically, the orchestra is closest to the introductory section before the rocking, consisting of a repetitive exchange between the bassoon and the other woodwinds. The section ends particularly poignantly, with the narrator counting off the people present, ending with "one is my father who is good to me." The orchestra breaks into an agitated section, characterized musically by leaps of ninths and seconds. We see here that the text has struck a chord with Barber, whose father was grievously ill at the time, drawing a parallel between Agee's father (his text is "strictly autobiographical") in 1915 and Samuel Barber's father at the time of writing in 1947. The childlike recollection of the summer's evening now turns abruptly, seriously "who shall ever tell the sorrow of being on this earth," again hitting the high B-flat. The narrator then asks for the blessing of the aforementioned people, and moves into a final re-entry of the original theme, while the narrator talks about being put to bed. The piece ends with the instruments calmly rising, almost floating, reinforcing the dreamlike aspects of the piece. Agreement (linguistics) In Classical Latin the order of elements in a sentence can differ dramatically from that of English. Perceiving the grammatical agreement of elements in a sentence is necessary to determine a sentence's structure, and thus its meaning. In a simple example, magna cum laude means "with great praise", but with an order that seems strange to English speakers: "great with praise". The fact that "great" (magna) is modifying "praise" (laude), that it is telling you something about the praise, is implied by the grammatical agreement of "magna" and "laude": both are female, singular, and ablative. Since the two words are so strongly linked they do not have to be adjacent, and in Classical Latin some authors, to beautify sentences as they understood beauty, deliberately made sentences more complex by separating elements in grammatical agreement, forcing the reader to use agreement to analyze and thus understand a sentence. "Magna cum laude" is more complex, and therefore more elegant, than "cum magna laude", and to be understood requires perception of the grammatical agreement of "magna" and "laude". Kars4Kids: There is no full explanation on Kars4Kids' web site, literature, or magazine (they call it a blog, https://kars4kids.wordpress.com) about what they do with the donated cars — pieces of junk, "does not need to be running", cars that are unsalable, at least nearby. The cars in most cases have major mechanical problems, like no brakes or radiator, and it usually does not make economic sense to repair them, they are "not worth repairing". What is on the Kars4Kids web site is a statement of their willingness to accept cars with water or hurricane damage. "Based on the location and condition of your vehicle, your car will be sold at auction, sold to a parts dealer, or used by the charity to further its charitable programs." Those sold at auction are either exported to poorer countries or moved to poor corners of the U.S., where the repairs cost less. There are junkyard owners who buy junk cars to remove and sell parts worth the time to disassemble them, or sometimes to repair them. The remaining cars, those that even poor countries don't want, those that are "used by the charity to further its charitable programs", are sold to middlemen. The middlemen resell them to the industry that Kars4Kids pretends (plausible deniability) never to have heard of: they are used for motorized sports that involve car destruction — demolition derbys, car jumps, car rolling, hillclimbing, playing soccer using cars, "bangers" (racing on a figure 8 track), the monster truck crushes cars, and the like, which appeal primarily to the blue collar population. The people who own and operate the cars are usually mechanics, or relatives of one. It's what people who repair cars, or their families, do for fun: fix them up and wreck them. There are other races in whicn a car pulls a travel trailer (caravan) or a boat on a trailer. Of course they are destroyed by the end of the race. You can donate a trailer, a boat, even a fleet of worn-out buses. The industry says that it is carrying out a useful function: disposing of old or damaged cars, which will eventually end up in salvage yards for the value of their metal. They are making the country more beautiful by removing old cars. What they're selling is fun. And anyone who has a better idea of what to do with the cars is welcome to buy them. Having a charity as intermediary makes it possible for the industry to obtain enough cars. Many owners of the junk cars have emotional attachments to them and would not sell them to a company that intends to destroy them. Mulholland Drive Mulholland Drive is...significant because it runs along the spine (the peak) of the mountains. It has the best views in the county and is easily, along with the Pacific Coast Highway, the most dramatic highway in the state. Holy Roman Empire The title was prestigious and conferred a tradition and a type of legitimacy on a monarch; thus several (like Alfonso X of Castile) went to great, even ruinous lengths to get elected. ... (At the time the Pope was perceived differently; he was not just a religious leader, carrying out God's will, but ruler over several small papal states, and governed from the royal palace, what today (2018) is the Vatican City.) ... His only power was that of conferring prestige — the link, via him and the Pope, with both God and the Roman emperors — on his vassals, and others. ... Voltaire famously remarked that the Holy Roman Empire wasn't holy, wasn't Roman, and wasn't an empire (reference below). Late Night with David Letterman The Late Show compared with Late Night The Late Show is sometimes treated like it was the second part of Letterman's "nightly talk show", that Late Show is Late Night moved to another network. In fact there are significant differences between them. Late Night is an outsider's show as well as a young man's show. Stuck in a time slot of little value — "nobody's listening", as he discussed with a guest — he had a lot of freedom to be wacky, and he wanted to. There were no major advertisers to inform content. Only a hard core of Letterman enthusiasts were watching a show at that hour. With The Late Show, Letterman reached the peak of his career, even though it was an offshoot of his devastating career failure, not getting The Tonight Show upon Carson's retirement. Just as the cancellation of The David Letterman Show led to a $1,000,000 contract to do nothing, and then Late Night, the end to Late Night led to his salary being doubled, and other externals showing success. Shaffer's band was larger, with a horn section (prohibited, on Carson's order, at NBC). Letterman had for his sole use an updated, historical theater, renovated on a 24-hour schedule (to have it ready for the first broadcast) at considerable expense. (The workmen appeared on the first broadcast.) The set was larger and more luxurious. The average age of the viewers was higher because of the earlier hour; older people in the United States on average go to bed earlier. Advertising was up, as one would expect in an 11:30 PM instead of 12:30 AM time slot. Budgets to pay guests were larger. The show, however, lost most of its edginess and became a much more traditional talk show. "The World's Most Dangerous Band" became the sedate "CBS Orchestra". Announcer Bill Wendell retired, and long-time director Hal Gurnee and producer Jack Rollins also soon departed. At this point the show ceased to be serious competition in ratings for the Tonight Show. The greater distance between Letterman and Schafer cut down on their banter, since now they could no longer appear in a single camera shot. Gone were colorful characters like Brother Theodore, Father Guido Sarducci, and Chris Elliott's series of characters. There was less audience participation and fewer stunts. Trips outside the studio were limited to visiting the attendees or would-be attendees waiting in front of the theater and to visits to Rupert Jee's Hello Deli, around the corner but in the same building. There were no more "suits of suet" or dental chairs, no bullhorns used out the window to passers-by floors below on Sixth Avenue, or to occupants of the same floor (the 6th) of the building across the street. Calvin DeForest had a much smaller role than did his NBC predecessor Larry "Bud" Melman, and certainly no sending him off on a road trip to Mexico with an early picturephone. (He got as far as Guatemala City.) Guests were much more distinguished — in a memorable January 8, 2015, segment, there was a 15-minute interview with Donald Trump, described by Letterman as "America's favorite cut-throat real estate mogul and slumlord". But gone were the humble but colorful characters like the nut lady Elizabeth Tashjian, who ran a one-person Nut Museum with both the world's largest nut and the world's largest nutcracker, for which admission was one nut. Taping outside the studio More than any other major talk show, Late Night ventured outside the studio frequently. Letterman ran elevator races, taxi races (the taxis went around Rockefeller Center), had a flock of sheep herded out of the studio, down the hall, and onto the elevators by two border collies, and ran various kinds of races or other "sporting events" in the corridor outside the studio. He would charter a steam roller and have it run over cans of tomatoes (not in Manhattan). He would interview strangers on the street, searching for Miss November. Sometimes he just walked, commenting on signs in store windows. He might visit a guest's or staffer's house, in New Jersey. There were repeated segments outside the studio, such as: "May We See Your Photos Please?" Letterman and crew would visit a nearby photo finisher, where people were picking up their newly developed and printed photos. Letterman would ask patrons at random to see their photos. "My Dog Bob." Letterman attached a miniature camera ("dog-cam") to the head of what he said was his dog, at home, and offered viewers very jerky footage of a dog's view of the world. He also had, once, a monkey and monkey-cam, which did not go as planned because the monkey (actually a chimpanzee) headed for the metal rafters of the studio, which held lights and other equipment. A Thrill-Cam, mounted in the ceiling, ran down a track toward the set. Visits to Live at Five, a WNBC local news/talk show which was broadcast live at the time Letterman's show was being taped, from a studio across the hall. The allegedly superior-quality guests of Live at Five were the subject of repeated jokes on Late Night. With portable camera he would interview their staffers manning the doors, or guests coming or going, or go in (quietly and off-their-camera). On February 18, 1988, he actually crashed the live broadcast (Al Roker giving the local weather). Utica, New York While since the 20th century Utica has been most thought as a subsidiary of Syracuse, in the 19th century Utica was the intellectual and economic capital of western New York State. It was an early center of abolitionism. Intellectual capital of American Protestantism and of western New York While Utica has been thought since the 20th century as merely a subsidiary of Syracuse, in the 19th century Utica was the intellectual and economic capital of western New York State. In pre-canal times no city west of Schenectady had as good a location, on the Mohawk. It and Rome were the westernmost Mohawk ports, used by all those travelling west by land on the old Genesee Road (since the 20th century, New York State Route 5) to what then was mostly wilderness. It had rail service before Syracuse did. It had Hamilton College, the third college in New York State. (The first two were King's (Columbia) and Union.) It was arguably the intellectual capital of American Protestantism in the early 19th century, and George Washington Gale its intellectual president. From Oneida County also came Charles Grandison Finney, a disciple of Gale, who created a great wave of revivalists, sweeping over all the land west of the Appalachians promoting their cause, the elimination of slavery, God's mandate, and to a lesser extent temperance. Utica was the point of contact between New York's Burned-over district — the term is Finney's — and the rest of the world. The Oneida Institute and later the Oneida Community received national attention. The former was America's "abolitionist college"; the latter gave us "free love". ... When Beriah Green called a meeting to organize the New York State Anti-Slavery Society, he held it in Utica (where it was met with mob anti-abolitionist violence that forced it to adjourn).

Edits I want to remember

Edits I want to remember Formerly this was a list of Major Contributions. For a list of the top 100 pages I edited, with lists of my edits, see https://xtools.wmflabs.org/topedits/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe Top template edits: https://xtools.wmflabs.org/topedits/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/10 Top category edits: https://xtools.wmflabs.org/topedits/en.wikipedia.org/Deisenbe/14 I stopped maintaining this comprehensively in late 2017, because it was too time-consuming. Dates given below may not be the only ones. The same article may appear more than once. It includes edits of more than a paragraph, or ones I felt were significant, at least to me, and wanted to remember. Some of the latter may be brief. Enantiomer 20221216 List of former national capitals 20220424 Movie projector 20211009 Amoz 20211007 Portage 20210831 North Elba, New York 20210822 Sacagawea Seaman (dog) York (explorer) Bust of York Pitman shorthand 20210810 Talk:Anthony Fauci Port Royal, South Carolina 20210804 James Miller McKim 20210804 Template:LGBT culture in New York 20210724 Erotic humiliation 20210625 Ossining (village), New York 20210624 (reverted) Hebrew language 20210623 Classics 20210623 Latin 20210617 Help:Page history 20210615 Potomac Company 20210615 Barefoot mailman 20210614 Love hotel 20210611 Tom Thumb (locomotive) 20210610 Template:National unicameral legislatures 20210604 John A. Andrew 20210527 John A. Andrew Memorial Hospital 20210527 List of African-American abolitionists 20210519 John Beauchamp Jones 20210518 Labor omnia vincit 20210515 Pittsburgh#1900 to present 20210508 Gerrit Smith 20210329 Nicknames of New York City 20210324 Ron Jeremy 20210323 Francis P. Fleming 20210323 Modern display of the Confederate battle flag\20210323 and earlier Matron 20210317 Frederick Douglass 20210317 Amazing Grace 20210308 Freedom (2014 film) 20210308 Chargé d'affaires 20210306 BYOB History of slavery in Missouri 20210222 Lajos Kossuth 20210201 Emperor (2020 film) 20210201 Port-au-Prince, Haiti 20210202 United States Declaration of Independence 202101 and earlier Popular sovereignty in the United States 202101 First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 20210127 Kennedy Farm 20210125 Ward (law) 20210105 Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society 20210105 History of slavery in Florida 20210104 es:Divorcio 20201230 es:Fernando de Herrera 20201230 Black suffrage in the United States 20201229 List of St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) people 20201228 Peace Conference of 1861 20201227 Kansas-Nebraska Act20201225 Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spain & Spanish-related articles 20201215-18 Protests against Donald Trump 20201207 Cover 20201122 Chiclete com banana (song) 20201122 College-preparatory school 20201118 Hebrew Bible#Tanakh 20201118 History of slavery in Kansas 20201116 Canisteo River 20201106 Susquehanna River 20201106 Aldine 20201101 Dubose Heyward 20201031 History of slavery in Nebraska 20201030 Spanish Civil War 20201020 Panties 20201018 Colored Contraband (American Civil War) 20201007 Harpers Ferry, West Virginia 20201007, 20210317 and earlier 1856 United States presidential election 20200930 Analysis 20200929 Mixed-sex education#Colleges 20200929 Antioch College 20200929 Nat Turner's slave revolt 20200921 Colgate University 20200921 Cassare 20200920 Storer College 20200920 Anti-lynching movement 20200920 Thomas Ruffin Gray 20200919 History of the College of Wiliam & Mary 20200917 John C. Frémont 20200917 History of Erie, Pennsylvania 20200917 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 20200917 Arbutus, Maryland 20200917 Sociopolitical issues of anatomy in America in the 19th century 20200907 History of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill History of the University of Virginia 20200906 Link rot 2020904 Fleshlight 20200904 Solid South 20200823 Linguistic purism in English 20200810, 20201026 Staunton Military Academy 20200721 Market House (Fayetteville, North Carolina) 20200719 Prostate 20200712 Jean Pond Miner Coburn 20200625 Gone with the Wind (film) 20200623 Alice's Restaurant 201511 Anthony Fauci 20200531 (what I added since deleted) Book of Genesis 20200524 Confederate States of America Cohoes Falls 20200517 Philanthropy in the United States 20200511 Interracial marriage in the United States 20200511 IBM Selectric typewriter 20200510 George Boyer Vashon 2019 and 2020 St. Croix 20200510 Hashish 20200418 Electronic cigarette 20200418 Stansbury 20200324 Tragic Prelude 20200317 Beecher's Bible 20200317 Ali Akbar al-Modarresi 20200315 Talk:History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 20200315 Plant (disambiguation) 20200315 Bandeirantes 20200315 Greenwood, New York 20200307 Watervliet Shaker Historic District 20200306 John H. Van Evrie 20200505 Miscegenation 20200505 Francis Scott Key 20200505 Sod house 20200217 History of Kansas Bleeding Kansas also 20200317 Gag rule (United States) 20200129 Gamaliel Bailey 202001129 Republic of Maryland 20200128 Lyman Beecher 20200128 Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia) 20200105 + CBD 20200113 Benjamin Lundy 20200111 Henry Highland Garnet 20200105 Charles P. Bush 20191229 Pamphlet 20191114 Henry Hudson 20191111 John Rankin (abolitionist) 20191111 and earlier Annexation 20191111 Mormon pornography 20191101 America the Beautiful 20191031 Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery 20191031 Elmira Prison 20191026 Regional accreditation 20191025 and earlier Comparison (grammar) 20191025 Halfmoon, New York 20191025 Battle of Olustee 20191022 Angelina Grimké 20191022 List of photographic processes 20191013 David Daggett 20191012 Agreement (linguistics) 20191011 (reverted) Andrew T. Judson 20190110, 12 Tulsa race riot 20191009 Prudence Crandall Museum 20191008 History of the University of Virginia 20191006 American Anti-Slavery Society 20190929, 20191006 not finished Arthur Tappan 20191005, 20191001 Termination rates 20191004 List of mobile network operators of the Americas#United States 20191004 Termination rates 20191004 Conference call 20191004 Oberlin College 20191003 Simeon Jocelyn 20191002 Abolitionism 20191001 Angelina Grimké 20190929 Treatment of slaves in the United States 20190929, 20191031 The Nation 20190928 Wendell Phillips Garrison 20190928 List of amendments to the United States Constitution 20190927 Canal 20190925 Mason-Dixon line 20190924 Abraham Lincoln and slavery 20190924 Abolitionism in the United States 20190923 Slavery in the United States 20190919, 20191002 English plural#Irregular plurals from Latin and Greek 20190912 American Colonization Society 20190905 Utica, New York 20190817 (reverted) Northeast blackout of 2003 20190731 Bachianas brasileiras 20190731 and twice below George Washington Gale 20190731 Manual labor college 20190731, 20190714 Ethnic conflict 20190731 Lane Theological Seminary 20190731-into Oct Frederick Douglass 20190730 Case Western Reserve University 20190726 Gerrit Smith 20190726, 20190716 Elizur Wright 20190725 Charles Backus Storrs 20190725 Hiram Wilson 20190723 The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper) 20190722 Prudence Crandall 20190722 American Colonization Society 20190722 Hudson, Ohio 20190719 William Lloyd Garrison 20190718 Northeast blackout of 1965 20190715, 20181105 Samba 20190715 Rogers, Arkansas 20190711 Uncle Tom's Cabin 20190709 Typewriter 20190706 Claude Bowers 20190629 Voting rights in the United States 20190629 Hamburg massacre 20190625 Benjamin Tillman 20190625 Virginia v. John Brown 20190625 Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era 20190625e For Whom the Bell Tolls 20160624 St. Augustine movement 20160505, 20170615, 20190622 Bedtime 20190621 WFME (AM) 20190621 Temperance movement 20190613 Amos 'n' Andy 20190612 Pink Flamingos 20190611 John Waters 20190611 Bachianas Brasileiras 20190610 Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson State Park 20190609 Doubleday (publisher) 20190608 Boroughs of New York City 20190606 First Amendment to the United States Constitution 20190606 The Leopard's Spots 20190606 Martin County School District 20190604 William E. Allen 20190531 McGraw, New York 20190531, 20190610 Sans Souci Hotel (Ballston Spa) 20190528 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 20150525 Furman University 20190524 South Carolina Baptist Convention 20190524 Hornell Traction Company 20190523 List of Temperance organizations 20190523 Teaching fellow 20190521 Joaquín Turina 20190521 Erie Canal 20190520 History of steam road vehicles 20190520, 20190521 Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda 20190519 Ernestine Rose 20190518, 20190519 John C. Calhoun 20190518 Americans in France 20190517 Jewish views on slavery 20190517 Morris Jacob Raphall 20190512, 20190514, 20190517 Trefa banquet 20190510 Atlanta race riot 20190508 Wilmington insurrection of 1898 2019050066 Lost Cause of the Confederacy 20190506, 20191022 The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan 20190504 Brasília 20190503 Broward County Public Schools 20190503 Dillard High School 20190503 Bartow High School 20190503 J. Wayne Reitz 20190501 Wikipedia:Further reading 20190428 Irving Berlin 20190427 Hornellsville, New York 20190425 Florida Legislative Investigation Committee 20190421, 20190423 Florida School for Boys 20190423 Doak S. Campbell 20190421 Selma, Alabama 20190421 Racial segregation in the United States 20190418 James Paul Clarke The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan The Birth of a Nation 20190406 20190606 Monson Motor Lodge 20190409 Thomas Dixon Jr. 20190404, 20290611 Trefa banquet 20190404 A. C. Dixon 20190406 Sodom 20190327 History of the Jews in Cincinnati 20190323 Isaac Mayer Wise 20190323 Open House 20190316 Middle Passage 20190225 Template:Cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour symptoms and signs 201190216 Charles Kenzie Steele 20190216 Tallahassee bus boycott 20190226 Lynching of Willie James Howard 20190226 Live Oak, Florida 20190216 aka 20190125 Fitna of al-Andalus 20190122 Territorial evolution of the United States 20190122 Harrison, Arkansas 20190117 Context 20190111 Northwest Historic District 20190105 Second City Television 20190105 and earlier Woman's Working Band House 20190103 List of monuments erected by the United Daughters of the Confederacy 20190102 The News & Observer 20190102 Iko Iko 20190101 William Higgins (director) 20190101 Anna J. Cooper 20190101 more to be done Template:Folk costumes 20181231 For Whom the Bell Tolls 20181230 Anna J. Cooper United States v. Shipp Wikipedia:Offensive Encyclopedia Britannica 20181228 (see Talk:Encyclopædia Britannica) Buck Angel 20181228 Coprophilia 20181228 Frelinghuysen University 20181228, 29 Anna J. Cooper 20181228 Noxious 20181227 Kars4Kids 20181227 Race (human categorization) 20181227 (Reverted by Flyer22) Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon 20181226 Trio 20181225 Formal 20181223 Red Hook Summer 20181223 Mulholland Drive (reverted) Help 20181208 Andrew Cowan (soldier) 20181208 Charles B. Dew 20181208 Michael Galinsky 20181208 Confederate Memorial Park (Marbury, Alabama) 20181207 A. H. Stephens State Park 20181206 States' Rights Party 20181205 History of the Encyclopedia Britannica 20181203, 20181228 Reading (disambiguation) Asturleonese language Leonese dialect List of Leonese language writers 20181125 Juan del Encina 20181125 Sertão 20181128 Thomas Roderick Dew Baltimore Pelham, North Carolina 20181125 Alexander Hamilton 20181125 Harpers Ferry, West Virginia Harper's Ferry National Historical Park Colonization (disambiguation) 20181123 Julian Carr (industrialist) 201811, 201812 Bye Bye Brazil 20181119, 20, 27, 30 Abolitionism in the United States 20181119 United Daughters of the Confederacy 20181117 Template:Abraham Lincoln 20181116 Template:Chapel Hill-Carrboro 20181113 John Brown (abolitionist) 20181112+, 20190625 Undergarment 20181112 Georges Bizet 20181031 Order of Gimghoul 20181030 Clarinet family 20181029 Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2018 October 23 E. D. Nixon 20181025 Chicha morada 20181023 Knickerbocker 20181023 Arsenal (disambiguation) 20181023 Constitution of North Carolina 20181022 New York Cancer Hospital 20181017 Hernando de Talavera 20181017 Talk:Reefer Madness 20181016 Castrato 20181013 Papal States 20181013 Holy Roman Empire 20181013 (reverted) 976 20181012 Unethical human experimentation in the United States 20181011 South Florida 20181011 Anarcha Westcott 20181011 Emmett Till Coming of Age in Mississippi 20181007 Vernon, Oklahoma 20181007 Help:Entering special characters 20180930 and earlier, 20181011 Ku Klux Klan in Maine 20180930 Covenant (law) 20180930 Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial 20180929 Camilla, Georgia 20180929 Camilla massacre 20180929 Ulysses L. Houston 20180929 William Jennings Bryan 20180927 Children of the plantation 20180926 Futanari 20180925 (reverted) Shemale 20180925 Bob Bartlett 20180916 The whole world is watching 20180915 Meredith Willson and Make the Connection 20180914 Romulus Moore 20180909 Alexander H. Stephens 20180909, 20181205 Rufus Bullock 20180909 Georgia State Capitol 20180909 Alexander H. Stephens 20180909 Mangueira 20180908 Samba 20180908 History of Oklahoma 20180907 Predictions of Wikipedia's end 20180825 Silent Sam 20180824 Tennessee Heritage Protection Act 20180822 Casa de Cervantes 20180807 Drug culture 20180807 Micronation 20180807 Talk:Reconquista (again) 20180806 William H. Holland (politician) 20180731 Fanfare 20180731 Social cost 20180723 Betis 20180722 Template:Florida Template:David Letterman Template:Leon County, Florida Template:Lynching in the United States Talk:Late Show with David Letterman Talk:Kubla Khan 20180707 List of assassinated American politicians (Several, and see Talk.) Rotary dial Vinicius de Moraes 20180707 Missouri 20180705 and earlier Middle Eastern music 20180629 Quarter tone 20180629 Christopher Columbus#First Voyage 20180628 Free negro#Free negroes unwelcome Fessenden Elementary School 20180616 T.E. Lawrence 20180611 Long distance calling 20180606 20180709 Operator assistance 20180606 Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 20180606 Template:David Letterman 20180605 Mount Zion A.M.E. Church (Ocala, Florida) 20180602 Fangak 20180528 Roger Williams University (Nashville, Tennessee) 20180526 List of capitals in the United States Criticism of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 201805? University don 20180512 Talk:Washington, D.C. 20180505 Zephaniah Kingsley 20180428 Slavery in the United States#Slave trade Nigger 20180419 (reverted) J. Marion Sims 20180419, 201810xx Names of the American Civil War 20180419 Payphone 20180413 20180619 Seal of Florida 20180413 9-1-1 20180411 List of North American Numbering Plan area codes 20180411 and previously Talk:Dorothy Kilgallen 20180411 Collect call 20180411 Template:Muscogee 20180411 Template:Indian Removal 20180411, 20180422 Template:Leon County, Florida 20180411 Acetate disc 20180405 Root (linguistics) 20180404 Maghreb 20180404 National Statuary Hall Collection ?, 20180915 Muscogee 20180326, 20180515 Booth Tarkington 20180317 Fisting (reverted, around March 6 2018) Modern display of the Confederate flag U.S. Declaration of Independence#John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence (1817–1826) List of colleges and universities in Florida Robert Meacham Franklin and Armfield Office 20180214 Lawrenceville School Nathan Bedford Forrest Pahokee, Florida Everglades Club Lansing Mizner Wilson Mizner Addison Mizner Boca Raton, Florida ?, 20181125 Talk:United States Declaration of Independence/Archive 8#Song "Declaration" by The 5th Dimension Vicente Sebastián Pintado 20180117 Popular vote History of radio 20180112 Bourbon Democrat 20171006, 2017102, 20190521 Bukkake 20170929 World Erotic Art Museum 20170928 Naomi Wilzig 20170928 Lee High School (disambiguation page) 20170818 Rex (artist) 20161214, 20170508, 20170518, 20170525, 20170801, 20170803, 20170805 Divorce in the United States 20170728 List of colleges and universities in Florida 20170727; 20170805 Lynching in the United States 20160722, 20170706, 20170728, 20190216 Segregation academy 20170525, 20170728 Above this are most recent first, below earliest first El retablo de Maese Pedro ?, 20170904 Trouble in Tahiti Count Julian (novel) Fetlife Ashley Madison 8/17/2014, 11/18/2014, 9/14/2015, 9/21/2015 Munsingwear Adult video arcade Tirant lo Blanch#Tirant lo Blanc and Don Quixote Knoxville: Summer of 1915 (some reverted for being (shudder!) original research; see Talk:Knoxville: Summer of 1915) Al Goldstein ?, 20170521 (see the Talk page) Capturing the Friedmans ?, 20160707, 20160727 Montilla Argamasilla de Alba ?, 20160607 Expected Family Contribution ?, 20160921, 20170628, 20190530 Hornell, New York ?, 20170420, 20170727 Scholarship Scott O'Hara Dulcinea del Toboso Canisteo, New York 20141028, 20141118, 20141125, 20150601, 20150628, 20150718, 20150817, 20161114, 20170727 History of Tallahassee, Florida#Black history 20150607, 20170531, 20170601, 20170824 Spanish pronouns ?, 20170504 Tallahassee Democrat es:Esquivias (see es:Discusión: Esquivias) El Salón México ?, 20161120, 20170328 Talk:Judaism and sexuality Romance (meter) 8/8/2015 Talk:Edifi 8/16/2015 Phone sex 9/21/2015, 20160618, 20160629 Florida State Capitol ?, 9/23/2015 Susan Block 10/10/2015, 4/20/2017 Tilde 1/5/2016, 20160718See also Wikipedia:Teahouse/Questions#What_to_do_to_use_a_special_character Moved L'Espoir (film) to Espoir: Sierra de Teruel 20160217 Racism in the United States 20160224. Reverted; see Talk:Racism in the United States Scholarship/Scholarships in the United States ((see Talk:scholarship) 201602 Symphony No. 1 (Bernstein) 20160226 Davie, Florida 20160330 Bachianas brasileiras 20160327 Florida Constitutional Convention of 1885 20160320, 20160325, 201603/27 moved to Florida Constitution of 1885, 20160328 Kenneth Megill ?, 20160323 St. Petersburg College 20160421 Constitution of Florida 20160421, 20160504, 20180210 North Florida Community College 20160429 Tribute of 100 Virgins 8/8/2015, 8/15/2015, moved from Tribute of 100 Damsels In God We Trust 20160517 List of historically black colleges and universities 20160516, 20161101, 20170727 Boca Express Train Museum, moved from Boca Raton Florida East Coast Railway Station 20160622, 20160707, 20170523 Philadelphia, New York 20161031, 20161101 Penile implant 20161119 Zine 20161201 Palm Beach County, Florida ?, 20160419, 20160622, 20160810, 20161119, 20170116, 20170203 Female condom 20170308 The Naked Sun (novel) 20170218 United States Declaration of Independence 20170417, 20170420, 20170528 (see Talk:United States Declaration of Independence#Song .22Declaration.22 by The 5th Dimension) Spanish irregular verbs 20170503 (See the talk page.) Tallahassee Memorial HealthCare 20170505, 20170610 Florida A&M University 20170505 Voseo 20170511 List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America 20170510, 20170511, 20170701, 20170807, 20170817, 20170818, 20170819, 20179821, 20170822, 20170823, 20170824, 20170826, 20170828, 20170903, 20170904, 20170905, 20170906, 20170928, 20170929 Lake Worth, Florida 20170803 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People 20170806 Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials 20170817, 20170818, 20170821, 20170822, 20180823, 20180824, 20170825, 20170826, 20170827, 20170830, 20170903, 20170907, 20170929 Missouri 20170810, 20170817 Symphony No. 3 (Shostakovich) 20170822 Template:American Civil War 20170821 A Lincoln Portrait 20150628, 20170912

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