1918

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1918 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1918
MCMXVIII
Ab urbe condita2671
Armenian calendar1367
ԹՎ ՌՅԿԷ
Assyrian calendar6668
Baháʼí calendar74–75
Balinese saka calendar1839–1840
Bengali calendar1325
Berber calendar2868
British Regnal yearGeo. 5 – 9 Geo. 5
Buddhist calendar2462
Burmese calendar1280
Byzantine calendar7426–7427
Chinese calendar丁巳年 (Fire Snake)
4615 or 4408
    — to —
戊午年 (Earth Horse)
4616 or 4409
Coptic calendar1634–1635
Discordian calendar3084
Ethiopian calendar1910–1911
Hebrew calendar5678–5679
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1974–1975
 - Shaka Samvat1839–1840
 - Kali Yuga5018–5019
Holocene calendar11918
Igbo calendar918–919
Iranian calendar1296–1297
Islamic calendar1336–1337
Japanese calendarTaishō 7
(大正7年)
Javanese calendar1848–1849
Juche calendar7
Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar4251
Minguo calendarROC 7
民國7年
Nanakshahi calendar450
Thai solar calendar2460–2461
Tibetan calendar阴火蛇年
(female Fire-Snake)
2044 or 1663 or 891
    — to —
阳土马年
(male Earth-Horse)
2045 or 1664 or 892

1918 (MCMXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1918th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 918th year of the 2nd millennium, the 18th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1918, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

The ceasefire that effectively ended the First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people worldwide.

In Russia, this year runs with only 352 days. As the result of Julian to Gregorian calendar switch, 13 days needed to be skipped. Wednesday, January 31 (Julian Calendar) was immediately followed by Thursday, February 14 (Gregorian Calendar).

Events[edit]

World War I will be abbreviated as “WWI”

February 16: The Act of Independence of Lithuania

January[edit]

February[edit]

February 23: Estonian Declaration of Independence

March[edit]

April[edit]

Styles of Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon, as presented in a vaudeville circuit pantomime and sketched by Marguerite Martyn of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in April 1918

May[edit]

June[edit]

June 10: Austro-Hungarian battleship Szent István sunk by Italian torpedo boats
Szent István

July[edit]

July 17: Execution of the Romanov family

August[edit]

August 30: Attempted assassination of Lenin, depicted by Vladimir Pchelin

September[edit]

October[edit]

November[edit]

November 9: Proclamation of German Republic by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin on the Reichstag balcony
Signatories to the Armistice of 11 November 1918 with Germany, ending WWI, pose outside Marshal Foch's railway carriage
November 11: Front page of The New York Times on Armistice Day

December[edit]

Flag of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes

Births[edit]

Births
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January[edit]

João Figueiredo
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gertrude B. Elion
Nicolae Ceaușescu
John Forsythe

February[edit]

Joey Bishop
Julian Schwinger

March[edit]

João Goulart
James Tobin
Frederick Reines
Pearl Bailey

April[edit]

William Holden
Kai Siegbahn
Fanny Blankers-Koen

May[edit]

Mike Wallace
Richard Feynman
Eddy Arnold
Birgit Nilsson
Yasuhiro Nakasone
Martin Lundstrom

June[edit]

Franco Modigliani

July[edit]

Ingmar Bergman
Bertram Brockhouse
Nelson Mandela
Paul D. Boyer

August[edit]

Frederick Sanger
Shankar Dayal Sharma
Leonard Bernstein
Katherine Johnson
Alejandro Agustín Lanusse

September[edit]

October[edit]

Jens Christian Skou
Robert Walker
Rita Hayworth
Thelma Coyne Long

November[edit]

Billy Graham
Spiro Agnew

December[edit]

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Jeff Chandler
Kurt Waldheim
Helmut Schmidt
Anwar Sadat

Date unknown[edit]

Deaths[edit]

Deaths
January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December

January[edit]

Georg Cantor
María Dolores Rodríguez Sopeña

February[edit]

Princess Leonilla Bariatinskaya
Gustav Klimt
Sultan Abdul Hamid II

March[edit]

Claude Debussy
Martin Sheridan

April[edit]

Karl Ferdinand Braun
Manfred von Richthofen
Gavrilo Princip

May[edit]

Maria Magdalena Merten

June[edit]

Kyrion II of Georgia

July[edit]

Sultan Mehmed V
James McCudden
Quentin Roosevelt
Emperor Nicholas II of Russia
Henry Macintosh

August[edit]

Marianne Cope

September[edit]

George Reid
Eduard, Duke of Anhalt
Prince Erik, Duke of Vastmanland

October[edit]

November[edit]

Wilfred Owen

December[edit]

Sidónio Pais
Sultan Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar

Date unknown[edit]

Nobel Prizes[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Barry, John M. (2005). The Great Influenza; The Story of the Deadliest Pandemic in History. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143036494.
  2. ^ "Historical Concert for the Benefit of Widows and Orphans". World Digital Library. February 10, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2014.
  3. ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
  4. ^ Engdahl, E. R.; Vallaseñor, A. (2002). "Global seismicity: 1900–1999" (PDF). International Handbook of Earthquake & Engineering Seismology. Part A, Volume 81A (First ed.). Academic Press. p. 674. ISBN 978-0124406520.
  5. ^ Shores, Christopher (1969). Finnish Air Force, 1918–1968. Reading, Berkshire, UK: Osprey Publications Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-0668021210.
  6. ^ a b 100 years ago today: Reds take Tampere, Finnish Civil War beginsYle News, January 27, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
  7. ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 355–356. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  8. ^ Royal Canadian Legion Branch # 138."2-Minute Wave of Silence" Revives a Time-honoured Tradition. Accessed on 5 June 2014.
  9. ^ The first was from Allahabad to Naini Junction in India on 18 February 1911, and the second from London to Windsor Castle on 22 June 1911.
  10. ^ "Women's Right to Vote in Canada". lop.parl.ca. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  11. ^ "La Grippe Espagnole de 1918". Institut Pasteur. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2011.
  12. ^ "CROWDS SEE OPENING OF TRADE EXPOSITION; Police Commissioner Enright Receives Keys for City at Formal Opening. PERMANENT SHOW PLANNED Borough President Bruckner Thanks Promoters for Choosing Site in the Bronx". The New York Times. June 30, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  13. ^ "Carpathia Sunk; 5 of Crew Killed" (PDF). The New York Times. July 20, 1918. p. 4.
  14. ^ Klim, Jake (2014). Attack on Orleans: The World War I submarine raid on Cape Cod. The History Press. ISBN 9781625850348. OCLC 883673275.
  15. ^ David S. Foglesong (2014), "Fighting, But Not At War", America's Secret War Against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War 1917–1920, UNC Press Books, ISBN 978-1469611136
  16. ^ "Warilda". Uboat.net. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  17. ^ Lichfield, John (July 7, 2014). "A History of the First World War in 100 Moments: The 'blackest day' of the German army". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2014.
  18. ^ Lyandres, Semion (Autumn 1989). "The 1918 Attempt on the Life of Lenin: A New Look at the Evidence". Slavic Review. 48 (3). Cambridge University Press: 432–448. doi:10.2307/2498997. JSTOR 2498997. S2CID 155228899.
  19. ^ Werth, Nicolas; Bartosek, Karel; Panne, Jean-Louis; Margolin, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Courtois, Stephane (1999). The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-674-07608-7.
  20. ^ Pitt, Barrie (2003). 1918: The Last Act. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 0-85052-974-3.
  21. ^ Massie, Robert K. (2004). Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-40878-0.
  22. ^ Biger, Gideon (2004). The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947. London: Routledge. pp. 55, 164. ISBN 978-0-7146-5654-0. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
  23. ^ "Unification of Montenegro and Serbia (1918) - Podgorica's Assembly". Montenet. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
  24. ^ a b "Serbia ends union with Montenegro". The Irish Times. June 5, 2006. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  25. ^ Wainwright, Martin (August 23, 2010). "British warships sunk 90 years ago found off Estonian coast". The Guardian. London. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
  26. ^ Huldén, Anders: Kuningasseikkailu Suomessa 1918. Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä, 1988. ISBN 951-26-2980-1. Page 189
  27. ^ Wilson, Alexandra (2007). The Puccini Problem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-521-85688-1.
  28. ^ Ward, Margaret (1983). Unmanageable Revolutionaries: Women and Irish nationalism. London: Pluto Press. p. 137. ISBN 0-86104-700-1.
  29. ^ Gussow, Mel (April 27, 1996). "Stirling Silliphant, 78, Writer; Won 'Heat of the Night' Oscar". The New York Times.
  30. ^ Shapiro, T. Rees (January 10, 2011). "Obituary: Richard 'Dick' Winters, courageous WWII officer portrayed in 'Band of Brothers'". Washington Post. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
  31. ^ Traue, J. E., ed. (1978). Who's Who in New Zealand (11th ed.). Wellington: Reed. p. 120. ISBN 0-589-01113-8.
  32. ^ Tobin, James. "Autobiography", published in Nobel Lectures. Economics 1981–1990, Editor Karl-Göran Mäler, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1992
  33. ^ "Mickey Spillane, 88, Critic-Proof Writer of Pulpy Mike Hammer Novels, Dies". The New York Times. July 18, 2006.
  34. ^ Glueck, Grace (February 2, 1989). "Elaine de Kooning, Artist and Teacher, Dies at 68". New York Times.
  35. ^ Wilford, John Noble (August 28, 1998). "Frederick Reines Dies at 80; Nobelist Discovered Neutrino". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2021.
  36. ^ Jeremy Pearce (August 7, 2007). "Kai Siegbahn, Swedish Physicist, Dies at 89". The New York Times.
  37. ^ Bernstein, Adam (October 21, 2009). "Accomplished Broadway actor immortalized Bond's Dr. No". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
  38. ^ Brian Glanville (April 15, 2000). "Wilf Mannion". Obituary. The Guardian. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
  39. ^ Blyth, Alan; Barker, Frank Granville (January 12, 2006). "Obituary: Birgit Nilsson". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 25, 2017. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
  40. ^ Katie Hafner, "Jay W. Forrester Dies at 98; a Pioneer in Computer Models", The New York Times, November 17, 2016.
  41. ^ Mandela, Nelson (2004) [1994]. Long Walk to Freedom Volume II: 1962–1994 (large print ed.). London: BBC AudioBooks and Time Warner Books Ltd. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-7540-8724-3.
  42. ^ Fountain, Nigel (February 24, 2020). "Katherine Johnson obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  43. ^ Kandell, Jonathan (June 14, 2007). "Kurt Waldheim dies at 88; ex-UN chief hid Nazi past". The New York Times. Retrieved October 18, 2022.
  44. ^ Mansour Khalid (October 12, 2012). War & Peace In The Sudan. Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-136-17924-2.
  45. ^ "William Hope Hodgson". www.fantasticfiction.com.
  46. ^ "Person: Merinen, Juho Rikard". War Victims of Finland 1914–1922. Helsinki, Finland: National Archives of Finland. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  47. ^ "Person: Hjulgrén, Edla Sofia". War Victims of Finland 1914–1922. Helsinki, Finland: National Archives of Finland. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  48. ^ "Kansanedustajat: Wilho Laine" (in Finnish). Helsinki, Finland: Parliament of Finland. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  49. ^ [On the life and work of Korbinian Brodmann (1868–1918)]
  50. ^ "Person: Lonkainen, Matti". War Victims of Finland 1914–1922. Helsinki, Finland: National Archives of Finland. Retrieved December 16, 2023.
  51. ^ "These Nobel Prize Winners Weren't Always Noble". National Geographic News. October 6, 2015. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved January 19, 2021.

Further reading[edit]

  • Chandra, Siddharth, Julia Christensen, and Shimon Likhtman. "Connectivity and seasonality: the 1918 influenza and COVID-19 pandemics in global perspective." Journal of Global History 15.3 (2020): 408–420.
  • Phillips, Howard. "’17,’18,’19: religion and science in three pandemics, 1817, 1918, and 2019." Journal of Global History 15.3 (2020): 434–443.
  • Williams, John. The Other Battleground The Home Fronts: Britain, France and Germany 1914-1918 (1972) pp 243–92.

Primary sources and year books[edit]